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See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. See also:Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat. See also:camera, " chamber "], and the Ger. suffix -See also:ling), etymologically, and also to a large extent historically, an officer charged with the superintendence of domestic affairs. Such were the chamberlains of monasteries or cathedrals, who had See also:charge of the finances, gave See also:notice of See also:chapter meetings, and provided the materials necessary for the various services. In these cases, as in that of the apostolic chamberlain of the See also:Roman see, the See also:title was borrowed from the usage of the courts of the western See also:secular princes. A royal chamberlain is now a See also:court See also:official whose See also:function is in See also:general to attend on the See also:person of the See also:sovereign and to regulate the See also:etiquette of the See also:palace. He is the representative of the See also:medieval camberlanus, cambellanus, or cubicularius, whose See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office was modelled on that of the praefectus sacri cubiculi or cubicularius of the Roman emperors. But at the outset there was another class of chamberlains, the camerarii, i.e. high officials charged with the See also:administration of the royal See also:treasury (camera). The See also:camerarius of the Carolingian emperors was the See also:equivalent of the hordere or thesaurarius (treasurer) of the Anglo-Saxon See also:kings; he develops into the Erzk¢mmerer (archicamerarius) of the See also:Holy Roman See also:Empire, an office held by the margraves of See also:Brandenburg, and the See also:grand chambrier of See also:France, who held his chamberie as a See also:fief. Similarly in See also:England after the See also:Norman See also:conquest the hordere becomes the chamberlain. This office was of See also:great importance. Before the Conquest he had been, with the See also:marshal, the See also:principal officer of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's court; and under the Norman sovereigns his functions were manifold. As he had charge of the administration of the royal See also:household, his office was of See also:financial importance, for a portion of the royal See also:revenue was paid, not into the See also:exchequer, but in camera regis. In course of See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the office became hereditary and titular, but the complexities of the duties necessitated a See also:division of the See also:work, and the office was split up into three: the hereditary and See also:sinecure office of magister camerarius or See also:lord great chamberlain (see LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN), the more important domestic office of camerarius regis, king's chamberlain or lord chamberlain (see LoRD CHAMBERLAIN), and the chamberlains (camerarii) of the exchequer, two in number, who were originally representatives of the chamberlain at the exchequer, and afterwards in See also:conjunction with the treasurer presided over that See also:department. In 1826 the last of these officials died, when by an See also:act passed See also:forty-four years earlier they disappeared.
In France the office of grand chambrier was See also:early overshadowed by the chamberlains (cubicularii, cambellani, but sometimes also camerarii), officials in See also:close See also:personal attendance on the king, men at first of See also:low See also:rank, but of great and ever-increasing See also:influence. As the office of grand chambrier, held by great feudal nobles seldom at court, became more and more honorary, the chamberlains See also:grew in See also:power, in See also:numbers and in rank, until, in the 13th See also:century, one of them emerges as a great officer of See also:state, the chambellan de France or grand chambellan (also magister cambellanorum, mestre chamberlenc), who at times shares with the grand chambrier the revenues derived from certain
trades in the See also:city of See also:Paris (see Regestum Memoralium Camerae computorum, quoted in du Cange, s. Camerarius). The honorary office of grand chambrier survived till the time of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II., who was himself the last to hold it before his See also:accession; that of grand chambellan, which in its turn soon became purely honorary, survived till the Revolution. Among the prerogatives of the grand chambellan which survived to the last not the least valued was the right to See also:hand the king his See also:shirt at the ceremonial See also:levee. The offices of grand chambellan, premier chambellan, and chambellan were revived by See also:Napoleon, continued under the Restoration, abolished by See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Philippe, and again restored by Napoleon III.
In the papal See also:Curia the apostolic chamberlain (Lat. camerarius, Ital. camerlingo) occupies a very important position. He is at the See also:head of the treasury (camera thesauraria) and, in the days of the temporal power, not only administered the papal finances but possessed an extensive See also:civil and criminal See also:jurisdiction. During a vacancy of the Holy See he is at the head of the ad-ministration of the Roman See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. The office See also:dates from the Isth century, when it superseded that of See also:archdeacon of the Roman Church, and the close personal relations of the camerarius with the See also:pope, together with the fact that he is the official See also:guardian of the ceremonial See also:vestments and treasures, point to the fact that he is also the representative of the former vestararius and See also:vice-See also:dominus, whose functions were merged in the new office, of which the See also:idea and title were probably borrowed from the usage of the secular courts of the See also:West (See also:Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, i. 405, &c.). There are also attached to the papal household (famiglia pontificia) a large number of chamberlains whose functions are more or less ornamental. These are divided into several categories: privy chamberlains (camerieri segreti), chamberlains, assistant and honorary chamberlains. These are gentlemen of rank and belong to the highest class of the household (fa:miglia nobile).
In England the See also:modern representatives of the cubicularii are the gentlemen and grooms of the See also:bed-chamber, in See also:Germany the Kammerherr (Kammerer, from camerarius, in See also:Bavaria and See also:Austria) and Kammerjunker. The insignia of their office is a See also:gold See also:key attached to their coats behind.
Many corporations appoint a chamberlain. The most important in England is the chamberlain of the See also:corporation of the city of See also:London, who is treasurer of the corporation, admits persons entitled to the freedom of the city, and, in the chamberlain's court, of which he and the vice-chamberlain are See also:judges, exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the See also:police court in determining disputes between masters and apprentices. Formerly nominated by the See also:crown, since 1688 he has been elected annually by the liverymen. He has a See also:salary of £2000 a See also:year. Similarly in Germany the administration of the finances of a city is called the Kammerei and the official in charge of it the Kammerer.
See also STATE, GREAT See also:OFFICERS OF ; HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL ; Du
Cange, Glossarium, s. " Camerarius " and " Cambellanus " ; Pere See also:Anselme (See also:Pierre de Guibours), Hist. genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France, £sc. (9 vols., 3rd ed., 1726—1733) ; A. See also:Luchaire, See also:Manuel See also:des institutions francaises (Paris, 1892); W. R. See also:Anson, See also:Law and See also:Custom of the Constitution (See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, 1896) ; Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, i. 405 (See also:Berlin, 1869).
End of Article: CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
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