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See also:MARSHAL (med. See also:Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, See also:horse, and scalc, servant) , a See also:title given in various countries to certain military and See also:civil See also:officers, usually of high See also:rank. The origin and development of the meaning of the designation is closely analogous with that of See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
constable (q.v.). Just as the title of constable, in all its See also:medieval and See also:modern uses, is traceable to the See also:style and functions of the See also:Byzantine See also:count of the See also:stable, so that of marshal was evolved from the title of the marescalci, or masters of the horse, of the See also:early Frankish See also:kings. In this See also:original sense the word survived down to the See also:close of the See also:Holy See also:Roman See also:empire in the titular See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of Erz-Marschalk (See also:arch-marshal), See also:borne by the See also:electors of See also:Saxony. Elsewhere the meaning of office and title was modified. The importance of See also:cavalry in medieval warfare led to the marshalship being associated with military command; this again led to the See also:duty of keeping See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order in See also:court and See also:camp, of deciding questions of See also:chivalry, and to the See also:assumption of judicial and executive functions. The marshal, as a military See also:leader, was originally a subordinate officer, the See also:chief command under the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king being held by the constable; but in the 12th See also:century, though still nominally second to the constable, the marshal has come to the forefront as See also:commander of the royal forces and a See also:great officer of See also:state. In See also:England after the See also:Conquest the marshalship was hereditary in the See also:family which derived its surname from the office, and the hereditary title of See also:earl-marshal originated in the See also:marriage of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Marshal with the heiress of the earldom of See also:Pembroke (see EARL MARSHAL). Similarly, in See also:Scotland, the office of marischal (from the See also:French marshchal), probably introduced under See also:David I., became in the 14th century hereditary in the See also:house of See also:Keith. In 1485 the Scottish marischal became an earl under the designation of earl-marischal, the dignity coming to an end by the See also:- ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)
attainder of See also:George, loth earl-marischal, in 1716. In See also:France, on the other See also:hand, though under See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus the marshal of France (marescalcus Franciae) appears as commander-in-chief of the forces, care was taken not to allow the office to become descendible; under See also:Francis I. the number of marshals of France was raised to two, under See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. to four, and under See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. to twenty. Revived by See also:Napoleon, the title See also:fell into See also:abeyance with the downfall of the Second empire.
In England the use of the word marshal in the sense of commander of an See also:army appears very early; so See also:Matthew See also:Paris records that in 1214 King See also:John constituted William, earl of See also:Salisbury, marescalcus of his forces. The modern military title of See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field marshal, imported from See also:Germany by King George II. in 1736, is derived from the high dignity of the marescalcus in a See also:round-about way. The marescalcus See also:campi, or marechal See also:des champs, was originally one of a number of officials to whom the name, with certain of the functions, of the marshal was given. The marshal, being responsible for order in court and camp, had to employ subordinates, who See also:developed into officials often but nominally dependent upon him. On military expeditions it was usual for two such marshals to precede the army, select the site of the camp and assign to the lords and knights their places in it. In
II
See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:peace they preceded the king on a See also:journey and arranged descent, the son of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Marshall (1732–18o6) and his wife
where the court marshal (Hofmarschall) is See also:equivalent to the See also:English See also:lord See also:- CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
- CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
- CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)
chamberlain. Just as the marescalcus intrinsecus acted as the See also:vicar of the marshal for duties " within " the court, so the marescalcus forinsecus was deputed to perform those acts of See also:serjeanty due from the marshal to the See also:Crown " without." Similarly there appears in the See also:statute 5 Edw. III. cap. 8, a marescalcus banci regii (marechal du Banc du See also:Roy), or marshal of the king's See also:bench, who presided over the See also:Marshalsea Court, and was responsible for the safe custody of prisoners, who were bestowed in the mareschalcia, or Marshalsea See also:prison. The office of marshal of the See also:queen's bench survived till 1849 (see LORD STEWARD; and MARSHALSEA). The See also:official known as a See also:judge's marshal, whose office is of considerable antiquity, and whose duties consisted of making abstracts of indictments and pleadings for the use of the judge, still survives, but no longer exercises the above functions. He accompanies a judge of See also:assize on See also:circuit and is appointed by him at the beginning of each circuit. His travelling and other expenses are paid by the judge, and he receives an See also:allowance of two guineas a See also:day, which is paid through the See also:Treasury. He introduces the high See also:sheriff of the See also:county to the judge of assize on his arrival, and swears in the See also:grand See also:jury. For the French marechaussee see FRANCE: § See also:Law and Institutions.
In the sense of executive legal officer the title marshal survives in the See also:United States of See also:America in two senses. The United States marshal is the executive officer of the Federal courts, one being appointed for each See also:district, or exceptionally, one for two districts. His duties are to open and close the sessions of the district and circuit courts, serve warrants, and execute through-out the district the orders of the court. There are United States marshals also in See also:Alaska, See also:Hawaii, See also:Porto Rico and the Philippines. They are appointed by the See also:President, with the See also:advice and consent of the See also:Senate, for a See also:term of four years, and, besides their duties in connexion with the courts, are employed in the service of the See also:internal See also:revenue, public lands, See also:post office, &c. The temporary See also:police sworn in to maintain order in times of disturbance, known in England as See also:special constables, are also termed marshals in the United States. In some of the See also:southern and western states of the See also:Union the title marshal has sunk to that of the See also:village policeman, as distinct from the county officers known as sheriffs and those of the justices' courts called constables.
In England the title of marshal, as applied to an executive officer, survives only in the army, where the See also:provost marshal is chief of the military police in large garrisons and in field forces. Office and title were borrowed from the French prevot des marechaux, the modern equivalent of the medieval praepositus marescalcorum or guerrarum.
End of Article: MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)
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