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GEORGE, LAKE

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 749 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GEORGE, See also:LAKE , a lake in the E. See also:part of New See also:York, U.S.A., among the S.E. foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. It extends from N.N.E. to S.S.W. about 34 m., and varies in width from 2 to 4 M. It has a maximum See also:depth of about 400 ft., and is 323 ft. above the See also:sea and 227 ft. above Lake See also:Champlain, into which it has an outlet to the northward through a narrow channel and over falls and rapids. The lake is fed chiefly by See also:mountain See also:brooks and submerged springs; its See also:bed is for the most part covered with a clean See also:sand; its clear See also:water is coloured with beautiful tints of See also:blue and See also:green; and its See also:surface is studded with about 220 islands and islets, all except nineteen of which belong to the See also:state and constitute a part of its See also:forest reserve. Near the See also:head of the lake is Prospect Mountain, rising 1736 ft. above the sea,while several See also:miles farther down the shores is BlackMountain, 2661 ft. in height. Lake George has become a favourite summer resort. Lake steamers ply between the See also:village of Lake George (formerly Caldwell) at the See also:southern end of the lake and See also:Baldwin, whence there is See also:rail connexion with Lake Champlain steamers. Lake George was formed during the Glacial See also:period by glacial See also:drift which clogged a pre-existing valley. According to Prof. J. F. See also:Kemp the valley occupied by Lake George was a See also:low pass before the Glacial period; a See also:dam of glacial drift at the southern end and of lacustrine See also:clays at the See also:northern end formed the lake which has submerged the pass, leaving higher parts as islands.

Before the See also:

advent of the See also:white See also:man the lake was a part of the See also:war-path over which the See also:Iroquois See also:Indians frequently made their way northward to attack the Algonquins and the See also:Hurons, and during the struggle between the See also:English and the See also:French for supremacy in See also:America, waterways being still the See also:chief means of communication, it was of See also:great strategic importance (see CHAMPLAIN, Lake). See also:Father See also:Isaac See also:Jogues, Rene Goupil and See also:Guillaume See also:Couture seem to have been the first white men to see the lake (on the 9th of See also:August 1642) as they were being taken by their Iroquois captors from the St See also:Lawrence to the towns of the Mohawks, and in 1646 Father Jogues, having undertaken a See also:half-religious, half-See also:political See also:mission to the Mohawks, was again at the lake, to which, in allusion to his having reached it on the See also:eve of Corpus Christi, he gave the name See also:Lac See also:Saint Sacrement. This name it See also:bore until the summer of 1755, when See also:General See also:William See also:Johnson renamed it Lake George in See also:honour of See also:King George II. General Johnson was at this See also:time in command of a force of colonists and Indians sent against the French at See also:Crown Point on Lake Champlain. The expedition, however, had proceeded no farther than to the head of Lake George when Johnson was informed that a force of French and Indians under See also:Baron See also:Ludwig August Dieskau was pushing on from Crown Point to Fort Lyman (later Fort See also:Edward), 14 M. to the S. of their encampment. Accordingly, on the See also:morning of the 8th of See also:September a detachment of woo colonials under See also:Colonel See also:Ephraim See also:Williams (1715 1755) and 200 Indians under Hendrick, a See also:Mohawk chief, was sent to-aid Fort Lyman, but when about 3 M. S. of the lake this detachment See also:fell into an ambuscade prepared for it by Dieskau and both Williams and Hendrick were killed. The survivors were pursued to their See also:camp, and then followed on the same See also:day the See also:main See also:battle of Lake George, in which loon colonials fighting at first behind a hastily prepared See also:barricade defeated about 1400 French and Indians. Both commanders were wounded; Dieskau was captured; the French lost about 300; and the colonials nearly the same (including those who fell earlier in the day). Johnson now built on the lake See also:shore, near the battlefield, a fort of See also:gravel and logs and called it Fort William See also:Henry (the site was occupied by the Fort William Henry Hotel till it was burned in 1909). In the meantime the French entrenched them-selves at See also:Ticonderoga at the See also:foot of the lake. In See also:March 1757 Fort William Henry successfully withstood an attack of 160¢ men sent out by the See also:marquis de Vaudreuil, See also:governor of See also:Canada, but on the 9th of August of the same See also:year its See also:garrison, after being reduced to desperate straits, surrendered to the marquis de Montcalm.

By the terms of surrender the garrison was to be allowed to march out with the honours of war and was to be escorted to Fort Edward, but the guard provided by Montcalm was inadequate to protect them from his See also:

Indian See also:allies and on the day following the surrender many were massacred or taken prisoners. The fort was razed to the ground. In 1758 General See also:James See also:Abercrombie proceeded by way of Lake George against Fort Ticonderoga, and in 1759 Baron See also:Jeffrey See also:Amherst, while on his way to co-operate with General James See also:Wolfe against See also:Quebec, built near the site of Fort William Henry one See also:bastion of a fort since known as Fort George, the ruins of which still remain. A See also:monument commemorative of the battle of Lake George was unveiled on the 8th of September 1903, on the site of the battle, and within the state See also:reservation of 35 acres known as Fort George Battle See also:Park. Horicon is a name that was given to the lake by James Fenimore See also:Cooper. The Indian name of the lake was Andia-ta-See also:roc-te. See See also:Francis See also:Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (See also:Boston, 1884) ; and E. E. Seelye, Lake George in See also:History (Lake George, 1897). GEORGE JUNIOR See also:REPUBLIC, an See also:American See also:industrial institution, situated near the small village of Freeville, in See also:Tompkins See also:county, New York, U.S.A., 9 in. E.N.E. of See also:Ithaca, at the junction of the See also:Sayre-See also:Auburn and the See also:Elmira-See also:Cortland branches of the Lehigh Valley railway. The George Junior Republic forms a See also:miniature state whose economic, civic and social conditions, as nearly as possible, reproduce those of the See also:United States, and whose citizenship is vested in See also:young See also:people, especially those who are neglected or wayward, who are thus taught self-reliance, self-See also:control and morality.

The founder, William See also:

Reuben George (b. 1866), was a native of See also:West See also:Dryden, a village near Freeville, who as a business man in New York See also:City became interested in the Fresh See also:Air Fund charity supervised by the New York See also:Tribune, took See also:charge of summer outings for city See also:children (189o-1894), and, becoming convinced that such charities tended to promote See also:pauperism and See also:crime among the older of their proteges, devised first (1894) the See also:plan of requiring See also:payment by the children in labour for all they received during these summer jaunts, then (1895) self-See also:government for a summer See also:colony near Freeville, and finally a permanent colony, in which the children stay for several years. The Republic was founded on the loth of See also:July 1895; the only check on the See also:powers of executive, representative and judicial branches of the government lies in the See also:veto of the See also:superintendent. " Nothing without labour " is the See also:motto of the community, so strictly carried out that a girl or boy in the Republic who has not See also:money' to pay for a See also:night's lodging must See also:sleep in jail and See also:work the next day for the use of the See also:cell. The legislative See also:body, originally a See also:House of Representatives and a See also:Senate, in 1899 became more like the New See also:England See also:town See also:meeting. The respect for the See also:law that follows its enactment by the citizens themselves is remarkable in a class so largely of criminal tendencies; and it is particularly noticeable that positions on the See also:police force are eagerly coveted. Fifteen is the See also:age of See also:majority; See also:suffrage is universal, children under fifteen must be in charge of a See also:citizen See also:guardian. The See also:average age of citizens was seventeen in 1908. The proportion of girls to boys was originally small, but gradually increased; in 1908 there were about 70 girls and 90 boys. The tendency is to admit only those aged at least sixteen and physically well equipped. In the Republic's earlier years the citizens lived in boarding-houses of different grades, but later in See also:family See also:groups in cottages (there were in 19x0 twelve cottages) under the care of " house-mothers." The labour of the See also:place is divided into sewing, See also:laundry work, cooking and domestic service for the girls, and See also:furniture making, See also:carpentry, See also:farm work, See also:baking See also:bread and wafers (the business of an Auburn See also:biscuit factory was bought in 1903), See also:plumbing and See also:printing for the boys. See also:Masonry and ' The " government " issued its own currency in See also:tin and later in See also:aluminium, and " American " money could not be passed within the 48 acres of the Republic until 1906, when depreciation forced the Republic's coinage out of use and " American " See also:coin was made legal See also:tender.

.See also:

shoe and See also:harness making were tried for a few years. There is an efficient preparatory and high school, from which students enter directly leading colleges. The religious See also:influence is strong, wholesome and unsectarian; students in Auburn Theological See also:Seminary have assisted in the religious work; See also:Roman See also:Catholic and See also:Hebrew services are also held; and attendance at See also:church services is compulsory only on convicts and prisoners. There are " Woman's Aid " See also:societies in New York City, Ithaca, See also:Syracuse, See also:Buffalo, Boston and elsewhere, to promote the work of the Republic. A " republic " for younger boys, begun at Freeville, was established in See also:Litchfield, See also:Connecticut; and a See also:National Junior .Republic near See also:Annapolis Junction, See also:Maryland, and a See also:Carter Junior Republic at Readington, near See also:Easton, See also:Pennsylvania, are modelled on the George Junior Republic. In 1908–1910 new " states " were established at Chino, See also:California, See also:Grove City, Pennsylvania, and Flemington Junction, New See also:Jersey. In See also:February 1908 the National Association of Junior Republics was formed with Mr George (its founder) as its director, its aims being to establish at least one " republic " in each state of the See also:Union, and in other countries similar institutions for youth and miniature governments modelled on that of the See also:country in which each " state " is established, and to establish colonies for younger children, to be sent at the age of fifteen to the Junior Republic. At the time of its formation the National Association included the " states " at Freeville, N.Y., Litchfield, See also:Conn., and Annapolis Junction, Md.; others joined the federation later. _ See William R. George, The Junior Republic: its History and Ideals (New York, 191o); The Junior Republic Citizen (Freeville, 1895 sqq.), written and printed by " citizens "; Nothing Without Labor, George Junior Republic (7th ed., Freeville, 1909), a See also:manual; J. R. See also:Commons, " The Junior Republic," in The American See also:Journal of See also:Sociology (1898); D.

F. See also:

Lincoln, " The George Junior Republic," in The Coming Age (Iwo); and Lyman See also:Abbott, " A Republic within a Republic," in the Outlook for February 15, 1908.

End of Article: GEORGE, LAKE

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