GENERAL PRINCIPLES] the See also:

• ATLANTIC

But a numerical preponderance, either by See also:

• LAND

Colonies, commercial ports, See also:

• DOCKYARDS

Where they are likely to fail is in discipline; and it would appear that at the beginning of a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

If the disaffected forces are in a state of flagrant inferiority in comparison with those of the existing government there is not a state of war but of rebellion. The combatants in See also:

• CIVIL

In the Chino-See also:

• JAPANESE

with maritime law, are good See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

In neither case was the order carried out. When in 1885 the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

If, however, it does not, the insurgent forces cannot exercise rights of war against neutral See also:

• PROPERTY

By these provisions, irregular combatants whom both the government of the United States in the American Civil War and the German government in the Franco-German War refused to regard as legitimate belligerents, are now made legally so .2 I The See also:

• PREAMBLE (Med. Lat. praeambulum, from praeambulare, to walk before)

No territory. doubt contemporary usage is an improvement on older usage. An invading army, before the practice of war became more refined, lived by foraging and pillage in the invaded country; pillage, in fact, being one of the inducements held out to the adventurers who formed part of the fighting forces either as officers or as common soldiers, and this continued down to comparatively See also:

• RECENT

It is liable to capture and See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

This is confirmed by the Hague Convention of 1907 on the status of enemy ships on the outbreak of hostilities. A somewhat similar practice exists as regards pursuit of merchant ships which happen to be in a neutral See also:

• PORT

This may imply crippling his material resources, trade and manufactures. It has been contended that " to capture at sea raw materials used in the manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

The converse subject of the treatment of subjects of the one belligerent who remain in the country of the other belligerent also was not dealt with at the Hague. British practice in this See also:

• MATTER

Work done for the state shall be paid for ac-cording to the tariffs in force for soldiers of the national army employed on similar tasks, or if there are none in force, then according to a See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

A prisoner of war cannot be forced to accept his liberty on parole; similarly the hostile government is not obliged to assent to the prisoner's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

Furthermore, relief See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

To declare that no See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

A spy taken in the act cannot be punished without previous trial, and a spy who, after rejoining the army to which he belongs, is subsequently captured by the enemy, is a prisoner of war, and not punishable for his previous acts of espionage.' In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps are to be taken to spare as far as possible buildings devoted to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

When anchored automatic contact mines are employed, every possible precaution must be taken for the security of peaceful shipping. The belligerents undertake to do their utmost to render these mines harmless within a limited time, and, should they cease to be under surveillance, to notify the danger zones as soon as military exigencies permit, by a notice addressed to shipowners, which must also be communicated to the Governments through the diplomatic channel. (Art. 3.) Neutral Powers which lay automatic contact mines off their coasts must observe the same rules and take the same precautions as are imposed on belligerents. The neutral Power must inform shipowners, by a notice issued in advance, where automatic contact mines have been laid. This notice must be communicated at once to the Governments through the diplomatic channel. (Art. 4.) At the close of the war the Contracting Powers undertake to do their utmost to remove the mines which they have laid, each Power removing its own mines. As regards anchored automatic contact mines laid by one of the belligerents off the coast of the other, their position must be notified to the other party by the Power which laid them, and each Power must proceed with the least possible delay to remove the mines in its own waters. (Art. 5.) h. me_ See, as to Flags of Truce, Art. 32 of the Hague Regulations.

Relief societies. The Contracting Powers which do not at See also:

• PRESENT

In the war between Japan and China there was no declaration. (See Ariga, La Guerre sino japonaise, Paris, 1896). The delivery of an See also:

• ULTIMATUM (from Lat. ultimus, last)

The European operations in China consequent on the " Boxer " rising showed how distance from European See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)