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population. While it is gratifying to find that so much is being done in the way of educating this class of the community, the number of schools in most parts of the See also:

WORLD

world is still lamentably inadequate. For instance, taking the school See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age as from seven to sixteen, which is now made compulsory by See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament in See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and assuming that 20% of the deaf population are of that age, as they are in See also:

England, there should be 40,000 deaf pupils under instruction in See also:

India alone, whereas there are but seventy-three.

There are 200,000 deaf of all ages in India. And what an enormous See also:

TOTAL

total should be in schools in See also:

CHINA

China instead of See also:

FORTY

forty-three! The whole of the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Asia, with the exception of See also:

JAPAN

Japan, has apparently not a single school. There must be many thousands of thousands of deaf (hundreds of thousands, if not thousands of thousands of whom are of school age) in that continent, unless indeed they are destroyed, which is not impossible. What are we to say of Africa, where only See also:

LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo pupils are being taught; of South America, with its paltry 200, and Australia's 300? To come to Europe itself, See also:

Russia should have many times more pupils than her 1700. Even in Great Britain the See also:

EDUCATION

education of the deaf was not made compulsory till 1893, and there are many still evading the See also:

law and growing up uneducated. Mr See also:

PAYNE, PETER (c. 138o-1455)

Payne of See also:

SWANSEA

Swansea estimated (Institution See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report, 1903–1904) from the 1901 See also:

CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census, that there must be approximately 204 deaf of school age in South See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and See also:

MONMOUTHSHIRE

Monmouthshire, while only 144 were accounted for in all the schools in that See also:

DISTRICT

district according to Dr Hitz's See also:

STATISTICS

statistics. Dr Kerr Love (Deaf Mutism, p. 217) gives the following table, which shows the number of deaf See also:

PEOPLE

people in proportion to the population in the countries named: See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland. I in 408 See also:

Austria 765 See also:

Hungary „ 792 See also:

Sweden „ 977 See also:

Prussia . „ 981 See also:

FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland „ 981 See also:

CANADA

Canada „ 1003 See also:

Norway „ 1052 See also:

Germany (exclusive of Prussia) „ 1074 See also:

PORTUGAL

Portugal 1333 See also:

Ireland „ 13981 India .

,, 1459 See also:

UNITED

United States „ 1514 See also:

Denmark . „ 1538 See also:

GREECE

Greece „ 1548 See also:

France „ 1600 See also:

Italy „ 1862 See also:

Scotland „ 18851 Cape See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony „ 1904 England „ 20431 See also:

Spain „ 2178 See also:

Belgium „ 2247 See also:

AUSTRALASIA

Australasia „ 2692 See also:

Holland „ 2985 See also:

CEYLON

Ceylon 4328 According to a See also:

TABULAR

tabular statement of See also:

BRITISH

British and Colonial schools, See also:

JUNE

June 1899, the proportion of those See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born deaf to those who lost See also:

HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing after See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth was, at that See also:

time and in those countries, 2126 to 1251, as far as returns had been made'. Several schools had, however, failed to give statistics. These figures show a proportion of nearly 59 % congenitally deaf persons to over 41 % whose deafness is acquired. See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

FAY, ANDRAS (1786–1864)

Fay, whose monumental See also:

WORK

work, Marriages of the Deaf in America, deserves particular See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention; mentions (p. 38) that of 23,931 persons who attended See also:

AMERICAN

American schools for the deaf up to the See also:

YEAR

year 1890, 9842, or 41 %, were reported as congenitally deaf, and 14,089, or 59 %, as adventitiously deaf; figures which exactly See also:

REVERSE

reverse those just quoted. The See also:

CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of deafness acquired in See also:

INFANCY

infancy with congenital deafness by some other authorities (giving rise to the rather absurd See also:

TERM

term " toto-congenital " to describe the latter) is unscientific. There is See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for the See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the non-congenital, even when hearing has been lost in See also:

early infancy, acquire See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language better, and it is a See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake from any point of view to include them in the born deaf. 1 The figures for England, Scotland and Ireland, according to the 1901 census, are different and have been given above. Other statistics vary very much as to the proportion of born deaf, some being as See also:

low as a See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, and some as high as three-quarters, of the whole class. We can only say, speaking of both sides of the See also:

ATLANTIC

Atlantic, and counterbalancing one See also:

period with another, that the See also:

general See also:

AVERAGE

average appears to be about 50% for each. Probably the percentage varies in different places for definite reasons, which we shall now briefly consider.

Causes of Deafness.—These may be considered in two divisions, pre-See also:

NATAL

natal and See also:

POST

post-natal. 1. Pre-Natal.—A small percentage of these is due, it seems, to malformation of some portion of the auditory apparatus. Another percentage is known to represent the children of the intermarriage of See also:

BLOOD

blood relations. Dr Kerr Love (Deaf Mutism, p. 117) gives statistics from thirteen British institutions which show that on a general average at least 8% of the congenitally deaf are the offspring of such marriages. Besides this, little is known. Beyond all doubt a much larger percentage of deaf children are the offspring of marriages in which one or both partners were born deaf than of See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary marriages. But inquiries into such phenomena have generally been directed towards tracing deafness and not See also:

CONSANGUINITY, or KINDRED

consanguinity, or at least the inquirer has rarely troubled to make sure whether the See also:

GRAND

grand-parents or great-grandparents on either See also:

side were relations or not. Such investigations rarely go beyond ascertaining if the parents were related to each other, though we have See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that a certain tendency towards any particular abnormality may not exhibit itself in every See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of the See also:

FAMILY

family in question. To give an See also:

ILLUSTRATION

illustration, suppose that G is a deaf See also:

man. Several inquirers may trace back to the preceding generation F, and to the grandparents E, and even to the great-grandparents D, in See also:

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of an ancestor who is deaf, and such they may discover in the third generation D: But probably not one of these several inquirers will ask G if any of his grandparents or great-grandparents married a See also:

cousin, for instance, though they may ask if his See also:

FATHER

father did.

To continue this hypothetical See also:

case, the investigators will again trace back along the family See also:

tree to generations C, B and A in search of an See also:

ORIGINAL

original deaf ancestor, on whose shoulders they seek to See also:

lay the blame of both D's and G's deafness. Not finding any such, they will again content themselves with asking if D's parents (generation C) were blood relations or not, and, receiving an See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer in the negative, desist from further inquiry in this direction, assuming that D's deafness is the original cause of G's deafness. They do not, we fear, inquire if any grand-parents or great-grandparents (hearing people) were related, with the same persistency as they ask if any were deaf. The search for deafness is pushed through several generations, the search for consanguinity is only extended to one generation. Perhaps if it were carried further, it would be discovered that A married his niece, and there lay the See also:

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of the deafness in both D and G. In other words, the deafness in D is not the cause of that in G, but the deafness in both D and G are effects of the consanguineous See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage in A. All this is, however, merely by way of See also:

SUGGESTION

suggestion. We submit that if deafness in one generation may be followed by deafness two or even three generations later, while the tendency to deafness exists, but does not appear, in the intermediate generations, it is only logical to inquire if deafness in the first discoverable instance in a family may not be caused by consanguinity, the effect of which is not seen for two or three generations in a similar manner. Moreover it is probable that consanguinity in parents or grandparents may often be denied. An exhaustive investigation along these lines is desirable, for we believe that congenital deafness would be proved to be due to consanguinity in hearing people, if the search were pushed far enough back and the truth were told, in a far greater percentage of cases than is now suspected. This is not disproved by quoting See also:

numbers of cases where no deafness follows consanguinity in any generation, for resulting weakness may be shown (where it exists) in many other ways than by deafness. This theory receives support from the statistics quoted by Dr Kerr Love (Deaf Mutism, p.

132), where the percentage of defective children resulting from the consanguineous marriages of hearing people increases in almost exact proportion to the nearness of See also:

affinity of the parents. It is further See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne out by statistics of the duchy of See also:

NASSAU

Nassau, and of See also:

Berlin, both quoted by Dr Kerr Love (pp. 119, 120). These show 1 deaf See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in 1397 See also:

ROMAN

Roman Catholics, I Io1 Evangelicals and 508 See also:

Jews in the former case, and 1 in 3000 Roman Catholics, 2000 Protestants and 400 Jews in the latter. When we are told that " Roman Catholics prohibit marriages between persons who are near blood relations, Protestants view such marriages as permissible, and Jews encourage intermarriage with blood relations," these figures become suggestive. We find the same greater tendency to deafness in thinly-populated and out-of-the-way districts and countries where, owing to the circle of acquaintances being limited, people are more likely to marry relations. With regard to the question of marriages of the deaf, Professor See also:

EDWARD

Edward See also:

Allen Fay's work is so See also:

COMPLETE

complete that the results of his six years' labour are particularly worthy of See also:

NOTICE

notice, for, as the introduction states, the See also:

BOOK

book is a " collection of records of marriages of the deaf far larger than all previous collections put together," and it deals in detail with 4471 such marriages. The summary of statistics is as follows (Marriages of the Deaf in America, p. 134) .- NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE. MARRIAGES. CHILDREN.

End of Article: SUMMARY

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