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IRELAND, CHURCH
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See also:IRELAND, See also: Read only 7 5 I I 7 Neither read nor write . 13 15 19 21 See also:Protestant Episcopalians 95 95 $1 93 Read and write Read only I 2 9 3 Neither read nor write . 4 3 Io 4 Presbyterians 97 96 88 95 Read and write . . . Read only 2 7 3 Neither read nor write . 2 2 5 2 Methodists 97 97 90 96 Read and write . . . Read only I I 5 2 Neither read nor write . 2 2 5 2 Others 91 91 90 94 Read and write . . . Read only 2 2 6 I Neither read nor write . 7 7 4 5 See also:Total 83 8, 79 72 Read and write . . . Read only 6 5 9 7 Neither read nor write . I I 14• 12 21 See also:Language.—The number of persons who speak Irish only continues to decrease. In 1881 they numbered 64,167; in 1891, 38,192; and in 1901, 20,953. If to those who spoke Irish only are added the persons who could speak both Irish and See also:English, the total number who could speak Irish in 1901 was 641,142 or about 14 % of the See also:population. The purely Irish-speaking population is to be found principally in the See also:province of See also:Connaught, where in 1901 they numbered over 12,000. The efforts of the Gaelic See also:League, founded to encourage the study of Gaelic literature and the Irish language, produced results seen in the See also:census returns for 1901, which showed that the pupils learning Irish had very largely in-creased as compared with 1891. The university of See also:Dublin (q.v.), which is for See also:practical purposes identical with Trinity College, Dublin, was incorporated in 1591. The See also:government is in the hands of a See also:board consisting un~_ of the See also:provost and the See also:senior See also:fellows, assisted by . versifies a See also:council in the See also:election of professors and in the and regulation of studies. The council is composed of the colleges. provost (and, in his See also:absence, the See also:vice-provost) and elected members. There is also a See also:senate, composed of the See also:chancellor or vice-chancellor and all doctors and masters who have kept their names on the books of Trinity College. Religious tests were abolished in 1873, and the university is now open to all; but, as a See also:matter of fact, the vast See also:majority of the students, even since the abolition of tests, have always belonged to the Church of. Ireland, and the divinity school is purely Protestant. -
In pursuance of the University See also:Education (Ireland) Act 1879, the See also:Queen's University in Ireland was superseded in 1882 by the Royal University of Ireland, it being provided that the graduates and students of the former should have similar See also:rank in the new university. The government of the Royal University was vested in a senate consisting of a chancellor and senators, with power to See also: It possessed an excellent medical school, which was largely increased owing to private benefactions. The Irish Universities Act 1908 provided for the See also:foundation of two new universities, having their seats respectively at Dublin and at Belfast. The Royal University of Ireland at Dublin and the Queen's College, Belfast, were dissolved. See also:Pro-See also:vision was made for a new college to be founded at Dublin. This college and the existing Queen's Colleges at Cork and Galway. were made constituent colleges of the new university at Dublin. Letters patent dated See also:December 2, 1908, granted charters to these See also:foundations under the titles of the See also:National University of Ireland (Dublin), the Queen's University of Belfast and the University Colleges of Dublin, Cork and Galway. It was provided by the act that no test of religious belief should be imposed on any See also:person as a See also:condition of his holding any position in any foundation under the act. A body of commissioners was appointed for each of the new foundations to draw up statutes for its government; and for the purpose of dealing with any matter calling for See also:joint See also:action, a joint See also:commission, half from each of the above commissions, was established. Regulations as to grants-in-aid were made by the act, with the stipulation that no sum from them should be devoted to the See also:provision or See also:maintenance of any See also:building, or tutorial or other See also:office, for religious purposes, though private benefaction for such purposes is not prohibited. Provisions were also made as to the See also:transfer of graduates and students, so that they might occupy under the new regime positions See also:equivalent to those which they occupied previously, in respect both of degrees and the keeping of terms. The commissioners were directed to See also:work out schemes for the employment of See also:officers already employed in the institutions affected by the new arrangements, and for the See also:compensation of those whose employment could not be continued. A See also:committee of the privy council in Ireland was appointed, to be styled the Irish Universities Committee. The Roman See also:Catholic University College in Dublin may be described as a survival of the Roman Catholic University, a voluntary institution founded in 1854. In 1882 the Roman Catholic bishops placed the buildings belonging to the university under the See also:control and direction of the See also:archbishop of Dublin, who undertook to maintain a college in which education would be given according to the regulations of the Royal University. In 1883 the direction of the college was entrusted to the See also:Jesuits. Although the college receives no grant from public funds, it has proved very successful and attracts a considerable number of students, the great majority of whom belong to the Church of See also:Rome. The Royal College of See also:Science was established in Dublin in 1867 under the authority of the Science and See also:Art See also:Department, See also:London. Its See also:object is to See also:supply a See also:complete course of instruction in science as applicable to the industrial arts. In 19oo the college was transferred from the Science and Art Department to the Department of See also:Agriculture and Technical Instruction. See also:Maynooth (q.v.) College was founded by an Irish act ofparliament in 1795 for the training of Roman Catholic students for the Irish priesthood. By an act of 1844 it was permanently endowed by a grant from the consolidated fund of over £26,000 a See also:year. This grant was withdrawn by the Irish Church Act 1869, the college receiving as compensation a lump sum of over £372,000. The See also:average number of students entering each year is about See also:loo. There are two Presbyterian colleges, the General Assembly's College at Belfast, which is purely theological, and the Magee College, Londonderry, which has See also:literary, scientific and theological courses. In 1881 the Assembly's College and the theological professors of Magee College were constituted a faculty with power to grant degrees in divinity.
In addition to. the foregoing, seven Roman Catholic institutions were ranked as colleges in the census of 1901: All Hallows (See also:Drum= condra), Holycross (Clonliffe), University College (Blackrock), St See also:Patrick's (See also:Carlow), St Kieran's (See also:Kilkenny), St See also:Stanislaus's (Tuna-more) and St Patrick's (See also:Thurles). In 1901 the aggregate number of students was 715, of whom 209 were returned as under the faculty of divinity.
As regards secondary See also:schools a broad distinction can be See also:drawn according to See also:religion. The Roman Catholics have diocesan schools, schools under religious orders, monastic and See also:convent schools. schools, and See also:Christian See also:Brothers' schools, which were
attended, according to the census returns in 1901, by nearly 22,000 pupils, male and female. On the other See also:hand are the endowed schools, which are almost exclusively Protestant in their government. Under this heading may be included royal and diocesan schools and schools upon the foundation of See also:Erasmus See also: A sum of £i,000,000, See also:part of the Irish Church surplus, was assigned by that act for the promotion of the intermediate See also:secular education of boys and girls in Ireland. The See also:administration of this fund was entrusted to a board of commissioners, who were to apply its See also:revenue for the purposes of the act (I) by carrying on a See also:system of public examinations, (2) by awarding exhibitions, prizes and certificates to students, and (3) by the See also:payment of results fees to the manager of schools. An amending act was passed in 1900 and the examinations are now held under rules made in virtue of that act. The number of students who presented themselves for examination in 1905 was 9677; the amount expended in exhibitions and prizes was £8536; and the grants to schools amounted to over £50,000. The. examinations were held at 259 centres in 99 different localities. See also:Primary education in Ireland is under the general control of the commissioners of national education, who were first created in 1831 to take the place of the society for the education of the poor, and incorporated in 1845. In the year of their See also:incorporation the schools under the control of the commissioners numbered 3426, with 432,844 pupils, and the amount of the See also:parliamentary grants was £75,000; while in 1905 there were 8659 schools, with 737,752 pupils, and the grant was almost £1,400,000. Of the pupils attending in the latter year, 74% were Roman Catholics, 12 % Protestant Episcopalians and I1 % Presbyterians. The schools under the commissioners include national schools proper, See also:model and workhouse schools and a number of monastic and convent schools. The Irish Education Act of 1892 provided that the parents of See also:children of not less than 6 nor more than 14 years of, See also:age should cause them to attend school in the absence of reasonable excuse on at least 1,50 days in the year in municipal boroughs and in towns or townships. under commissioners; and provisions were made for the partial or total abolition of fees i a specified circumstances, for a parliamentary school grant in lieu of abolished school fees, and for the See also:augmentation of the salaries of the national teachers. There are 5 reformatory schools, 3 for boys and 2 for girls, and 68 industrial schools, 5 Protestant and 63 Roman Catholic. By the constituting act of 1899 the control of technical education in Ireland was handed over to the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction and now forms an important part Technical of its work. The See also:annual sum of 155,000 was allocated instm,
for the purpose, and this is augmented in various ways. See also:don The department has devoted itself to (i) promoting in-
struction in experimental science, See also:drawing, See also:manual instruction and
domestic See also:economy in See also:day secondary schools, (2) supplying funds to See also:country and See also:urban authorities for the organization of schemes for technical instruction in non-agricultural subjects-these subjects embracing not only preparation for the highly organized See also:industries but the teaching of such rural industries as See also:basket-making, (3) the training of teachers by classes held at various centres, (4) the provision of central institutions, and (5) the awarding of scholarships.
Revenue and See also:Expenditure.-The See also:early See also:statistics as to revenue and expenditure in Ireland are very fragmentary and afford little possibility of comparison. During the first 15 years of See also: Income. P Expenditure. 1731 £405,000 £407,000 1741 441,000 441,000 1761 571,000 773,000 1781 739,000 1,015,000 180o 3,017,757 6,615,00o 1834 3,814,000 3,439,800 1850 4,332,000 4,120,000 186o 7,851,000 6,331,000 1868 6,176,000 6,621,000 The amount of imperial revenue collected and expended in Ireland under various heads for the five years 1902-1906 appears in the following tables: Subtracting in each year the total expenditure from the estimated true revenue it would appear from the foregoing table that Ireland contributed to imperial services in the years under See also:consideration the following sums: £2,570,000, £2,852,000, £2,200,500, £2,186,500 and £1,811,500. The financial relations between Great See also:Britain and Ireland have See also:long been a subject of controversy, and in 1894 a royal commission was appointed to consider them, which presented its report in 1896. The commissioners, though differing on several points, were practically agreed on the following five conclusions: (1) that Great Britain and Ireland must, for the purposes of a financial inquiry, be considered as See also:separate entities; (2) that the Act of See also:Union imposed upon Ireland a See also:burden which, as events showed, she was unable to See also:bear; (3) that the increase of See also:taxation laid upon Ireland between 1853 and 186o was not justified by the then existing circumstances; (4) that identity of rates of taxation did not necessarily involve equality of burden; (5) that, while the actual tax revenue of Ireland was about one-See also:eleventh of that of Great Britain, the relative taxable capacity of Ireland was very much smaller, and was not estimated by any of the commissioners as exceeding one-twentieth. This report furnished the material for much controversy, but little practical outcome; it was avowedly based on the consideration of Ireland as a separate country, and was therefore inconsistent with the principles of Unionism. The public See also:debt of Ireland amounted to over £134,000,000 in 1817, in which year it was consolidated with the See also:British national debt. See also:Local Taxation.-The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 effected considerable changes in local See also:finance. The fiscal duties of the See also:grand See also:jury were abolished, and the See also:county council which took the place of the grand jury for both fiscal and administrative purposes was given three sources of revenue: (I) the agricultural grant, (2) the See also:licence duties and other imperial grants, and (3) the poor See also:rate. These may be considered separately. (I) It was provided that the Local Government Board should ascertain the amount of county See also:cess and poor rate levied off agricultural See also:land in Ireland during the year ending (as regards the poor rate) on the 29th of See also:September, and (as regards the county cess) on the 21st of See also:June 1897; and that half this amount, to be called the agricultural grant, should be paid annually without any variation from the See also:original sum out of the consolidated fund to a local taxation account. The amount of the agricultural grant was ascertained to be over £727,000. Elaborate-provisions were also made in the act for fixing the proportion of the grant to which each county should be entitled, and the See also:lord-See also:lieutenant was empowered to pay half-yearly the proportion so ascertained to the county council. (2) Before the passing of the act grants were made from the imperial See also:exchequer to the grand juries in aid of the maintenance of lunatics and to boards of guardians for medical and educational purposes and for salaries under the Public See also:Health (Ireland) Act. In 1897 these grants amounted to over £236,000. Under the Local Government Act they ceased, and in lieu thereof it was provided that there should be annually paid out of the consolidated fund to the local taxation account a sum equal to the duties collected in Ireland on certain Revenue. See also:Estate, &c. See also:Property Miscel- Total Estimated Year. Customs. Excise. Duties and and Income Post Office. True Stamps. Tax. laneous. Revenue. Revenue. 1902 £2,244,000 £5,822,000 £x,072,000 £1,143,000 £923,000 £149,000 £11,353,000 £9,784, 1903 2,717,000 6,011,000 922,000 1,244,000 960,000 148,500 12,002,500 10,205,000 1904 2,545,000 5,904,000 x,033,000 1,038,000 980,000 146,500 11,646,500 9,748,500 1905 2,575,000 5,584,000 1,016,000 1,013,000 1,002,000 150,500 11,340,500 9,753,500 1906 2,524,000 5,506,000 890,000 983,000 1,043,000 150,000 11,096,000 9,447,000 Expenditure. Local Taxation Accounts. Total Estimated Year. Consolidated Voted. Local Collection Total Fund. Taxation Exchequer See also:Civil of Taxes. Post Office. Expended. True Revenue. Revenue. Charges. Revenue.
1902 £169,000 £4,271,000 £389, £1,055,000 £5,884,000 £243,000 £1,087,000 £7,214,000 £9,784,000
1903 168,500 4,357,500 383,000 1,058,000 5,967,000 246,000 1,140,000 7,353,000 10,205,000
1904 170,000 4,569,000 376,000 1,059,000 6,174,000 248,000 1,126,000 7,548,000 9,784,500
1905 166,000 4,547,000 374,000 1,059,000 6,146,000 249,000 1,172,000 7,567,000 9,753,500
1906 164,000 4,582,500 385,000 1,059,000 6,191,500 245,000 1,199,000 7,635,500 9,447,000
specified local taxation licences. In addition, it was enacted that a fixed sum of £79,000 should be forthcoming annually from the consolidated fund. (3) The county cess was abolished, and the county See also:councils were empowered to See also:levy a single rate for the rural districts and unions, called by the name of poor rate, for all the purposes of the act. This rate is made upon the occupier and not upon the landlord, and the occupier is not entitled, See also:save in a few specified cases, to deduct any of the rate from his See also:rent. For the year ending the 31st of See also: There are eight other joint-stock See also:banks in Ireland. Including the Bank of Ireland, their sub-scribed capital amounts to £26,349,230 and their paid-up capital to L7,309,230. The authorized See also:note circulation is £6,354,494 and the actual note circulation in June 1906 was £6,310,243, two of the banks not being banks of issue. The deposits in the point-stock banks amounted in 188o to £29,350,000; in 1890 to £33,061,000; in 1900 to £40,287,000; and in 1906 to £45,842,000. The deposits in the Post Office Savings Banks See also:rose from £1,481,000 in 1880 to £10,459,000 in 1906, and the deposits in Trustee Savings Banks from £2,100,165 in 188o to £2,488,740 in 1905.
National See also:Wealth.--To arrive at any estimate of the national wealth is exceptionally difficult in the See also:case of Ireland, since the largest part of its wealth is derived from agriculture, and many important factors, such as the amount of capital invested in the See also:linen and other industries, cannot be included, owing to their uncertainty. The following figures for 1905-1906 may, however, be given: valuation of lands, houses, &c., £15,466,00o; value of principal crops, £35.362,000; value of See also:cattle, &c., £81,508,000; paid-up capital and reserve funds of joint-stock banks, £11,300,000; deposits in joint-stock and savings banks, £58,791,000; investments in government stock, transferable at Bank of Ireland, £36,952,000; paid-up capital and See also:debentures of railway companies, ££338,405,000; paid-up capital of See also:tramway companies, £2,074,000.
In 1906 the net value of property assessed to estate See also:duty, &c., in Ireland was £16,o16,000 as compared with £306,673,000 in England and £38,451,000 in See also:Scotland; and in 1905 the net produce of the income tax in Ireland was {983,000, as compared with £27,423,000 in England and £2,888,000 in Scotland.
Manufactures and See also:Commerce: Discourse on the Woollen Manufacture of Ireland (1698); An Inquiry into the See also:State and Progress of the Linen Manufacture in Ireland (Dublin, 1757) ; G. E. See also:Howard, See also:Treatise on the Revenue of Ireland (1776); See also: See also:Clarendon, A See also:Sketch of the Revenue and Finances of Ireland (1791) ; the annual reports of the See also:Flax Supply Association and other local bodies, published at Belfast; reports by the Department of Agriculture on Irish imports and exports (these are a new feature and contain much valuable See also:information).
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