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HOWARD (FAMILY)

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 832 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HOWARD (See also:FAMILY) . Among See also:English families, the See also:house of Howard has See also:long held the first See also:place. Its See also:head, the See also:duke of See also:Norfolk, is the first of the See also:dukes and the hereditary See also:earl See also:marshal of See also:England, while the earls of See also:Suffolk, See also:Carlisle and Effingham and the See also:Lord Howard of See also:Glossop represent in the See also:peerage its younger lines. Its founder was a Norfolk lawyer, See also:William Howard or Howard, who was summoned to See also:parliament as a See also:justice in 1295, being appointed a justice of the See also:common pleas in 1297. Over the parentage of this See also:man genealogists have disputed for centuries. The See also:pedigree-makers have hailed him in turn as the descendant of a See also:Norman " See also:Auber, earl of Passy " and as the See also:heir of Here-See also:ward, " the last of the English." But out of the copies of Norfolk deeds and records collected for See also:Thomas, earl of See also:Arundel, in the See also:early See also:part of the 17th See also:century, it seems clear enough that he sprang from a Norfolk family, several of whose members held lands at Wiggenhall near See also:Lynn. These notes from deeds, evidently collected by an honest inquirer, make no extravagant claims of See also:ancient ancestry or illustrious origin for the Howards, although the facts contained in them were recklessly manipulated by subservient genealogists. Doubtless the See also:judge was the son of See also:John Howard of Wiggenhall, living about 126o, whose widow See also:Lucy, called by the genealogists the daughter of John Germund, was probably the wife of John Germund by her second See also:marriage. William Howard was employed as counsel by the See also:corporation of Lynn, and it is worthy of See also:note that the " crosslets fitchy " in his See also:shield of arms suggest the See also:cross with which the See also:dragon was discomfited by St See also:Margaret, the patroness of Lynn. Prospering by the See also:law, William Howard of Wiggenhall See also:rose to See also:knight's See also:rank and acquired by See also:purchase Grancourt's See also:manor in See also:East Winch, near Lynn, where he had his seat in a moated house whose ruins remain. He was probably dead and buried in his See also:chapel at East Winch before See also:November 27, 1308, the date of the patent by which See also:Henry See also:Scrope succeeded him as a See also:commissioner of trailbaston. His two wives, Alice Ufford and Alice See also:Fitton—heir of Fitton's manor in Wiggenhall—were both daughters of knightly houses.

Before his See also:

death his eldest son, John Howard, was a knight and already advanced by his marriage with See also:Joan of See also:Cornwall, one of the See also:bastard See also:line founded by See also:Richard of Cornwall, See also:king of the See also:Romans. See also:Sir John Howard served in See also:Edward II.'s See also:wars in See also:Scotland and See also:Gascony, was See also:sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk and See also:governor of See also:Norwich See also:Castle. When he died in 1331 he was seised of many Norfolk manors. His son and heir, another Sir John, See also:admiral of the king's See also:navy in the See also:north, was a See also:banneret who displayed his banner in the See also:army that laid See also:siege to See also:Calais. By the admiral's wife Alice, See also:sister and heir of Sir See also:Robert de Boys, the Howards had the Boys manor of Fersfield, near See also:Diss, which is still among the possessions of the dukes of Norfolk. His son Sir Robert Howard, who had married a daughter of Sir Robert Scales (Lord Scales), died in 1388. From Sir John Howard, the only son of Sir Robert, two branches of the house of Howard See also:spring. The See also:elder line was soon See also:extinct. By his first wife, Margaret, daughter and heir of Sir John Plays, Sir John Howard had a son who died before him, leaving a daughter through whom descended to her issue, the Veres, earls of See also:Oxford, the ancient Norfolk estates of the Howards at East Winch and elsewhere, with the lands of the houses of Scales, Plays and See also:Walton, brought in by the brides of her fore-fathers. After the death of Margaret Plays, her widower found, with the See also:peculiar See also:instinct of his See also:race, a second well-endowed wife. By her, the heir of the Tendrings of Tendring, he had a second son, Sir Robert Howard, a knight who fought under Henry V. in See also:France, and died, like his See also:half-See also:brother, before the old knight's career ended in 1436. It is to the marriage of this See also:young knight that the house of Howard owes the tragedy of its greatness.

He was a younger son, although he had some of his See also:

mother's See also:inheritance. Had he married the landless daughter of a See also:neighbour he might have been the ancestor of a line of See also:Essex squires, whose careers would have had the See also:parish topographer for chronicler. But his See also:bride was Margaret See also:Mowbray, daughter of the banished duke of Norfolk. Although this was a See also:noble See also:alliance, it is probable that the See also:lady had no See also:great portion. The head of her elder brother, the boy earl marshal, had been stricken off in the cornfield under the walls of See also:York, but her younger brother's right to his See also:father's dukedom was allowed by parliament in 1425. Sir John Howard, only son of the match between Howard and Mowbray, took service with his See also:cousin the third duke of Norfolk, who had him returned as knight of the See also:shire for Norfolk, where, according to the Paston Letters, this Howard of the Essex See also:branch was regarded by the gentry as a See also:strange man. He followed the See also:White Rose and was knighted at the crowning of King Edward IV., who pricked him for sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk. In the duke's See also:quarrel he brawled with the Pastons, his wife boasting that, should her See also:husband's men meet with John Paston " there should go no See also:penny for his See also:life." " And Howard," writes See also:Clement Paston, " See also:bath with the king a great fellowship." Offices and lands came to John Howard by See also:reason of that fellowship. Henry VI., when restored, summoned him to parliament in 1470 as Lord Howard, a See also:summons which may have been meant to lure him to See also:London into See also:Warwick's See also:power, but he proclaimed the Yorkist See also:sovereign on his return and fought at See also:Barnet and See also:Tewkesbury. When See also:peace was made, Edward summoned him again as a See also:baron and gave him the Garter and the treasurership of his See also:household. After Edward's See also:burial, at which he See also:bore the king's banner, Howard, an enemy of the Wydviles, linked his fortunes with those of the duke of See also:Gloucester. At this See also:time came his sudden lifting to the highest rank in the peerage.

The last of the dukes of Norfolk had See also:

left a See also:child heir, See also:Anne Mowbray, married to the See also:infant duke of York, the younger of the princes doomed by Richard in the See also:Tower. By the death of this little girl, John Howard became one of the coheirs of her illustrious house, which was now represented by the issue of Margaret Mowbray, his mother, and of her sister See also:Isabel, who had married See also:James, Lord See also:Berkeley. A See also:lion's See also:share of the Mowbray estates, swollen by the great alliances of the house, heir of Breouse and See also:Segrave, and, through Segrave, of Thomas of Brotherton, son of Edward I., See also:fell to Howard, who, by a patent of See also:June 28, 1483, was created duke of Norfolk and earl marshal of England with a See also:remainder to the heirs male of his See also:body. On the same See also:day the lord Berkeley, the other coheir, was made earl of See also:Nottingham. High steward at Richard's crowning, the duke bore the See also:crown and rode as marshal into See also:Westminster See also:Hall. For the See also:rest of his life he was Richard's man, and though warned by the famous See also:couplet that " Dykon his See also:master " was bought and sold, " See also:Jack of Norfolk " led the See also:archer vanguard at See also:Bosworth and died in the fight, from which his son the earl of See also:Surrey was carried away a wounded prisoner. An See also:attainder by the first parliament of Henry VII. extinguished the honours of the father with those of the son, who had been created an earl when the lord Howard was raised to the dukedom. Their estates were forfeit. Thomas Howard, a politic mind, loyal to the See also:powers that be, was released from the Tower of London in 148g, his earldom of Surrey and his Garter restored. Accepting the position in which the Tudor king would have his great nobles, he became the faithful soldier, diplomatist and See also:official of the new power. In his seventieth See also:year, as See also:lieutenant-See also:general of the North, he led the English See also:host on the great day of See also:Flodden, earning a patent of the dukedom of Norfolk, dated r See also:February 1513/4, and that strange patent which granted to him and his heirs that they should See also:bear in the midst of the See also:silver See also:bend of their Howard shield a demi-lion stricken in the mouth with an arrow, in the right See also:colours of the arms of the king of Scotland. This See also:augmentation has been interpreted as a See also:golden scocheon with the demi-lion within the Scottish tressure.

Thus charged on the silver bend, it makes See also:

bad armory and it is worthy of note that, although the See also:grant of it is clearly to the duke and his heirs in See also:fee See also:simple, Howards of all branches descending from the duke bear it in their See also:shields, even though all right to it has long passed from the house to the duke's heirs general, the Stourtons and` Petres. The See also:victor of Flodden is the common ancestor of all living Howards that can show a descent from the See also:main stock. The second duke, twice married, was father of at least eleven sons and six daughters, the sons including Edward the lord high admiral, killed in boarding Pregent's galleys at See also:Brest, See also:Edmund the knight marshal of the army at Flodden, and William the first Lord Howard of Effingham. The eldest son, Thomas, succeeded as the third duke of his name, although the second under the patent of 1514. He had fought as See also:captain of the vanguard at Flodden and after the victory was created earl of Surrey. When Richard III. was allying himself with the Howards, Thomas Howard, a boy of eleven, had been betrothed to Anne, daughter of the See also:late King Edward IV., and Henry VII. allowed the marriage with his See also:queen's sister to take place in 1495. This royal bride died of See also:consumption, leaving no living child, and her husband took in 1513, as his second wife, See also:Elizabeth See also:Stafford, daughter of that duke of See also:Buckingham upon whom the old duke of Norfolk, the tears upon his cheeks, was forced to pass See also:sentence of death. Succeeding his father in 1524, Norfolk was created earl marshal in 1533. An unsuccessful diplomatist, his See also:chief services in arms were the butchery in the north after the See also:Pilgrimage of See also:Grace and the See also:raid into Scotland which ended with the rout of Solway See also:Moss. He left his wife for a See also:mistress, Elizabeth See also:Holland, was in discord with his family, and lived to see his two nieces, Anne See also:Boleyn and See also:Catherine Howard, and his son Surrey, the fiery-tempered poet, go in turn to the See also:block. He himself was attainted and was lying a prisoner in the Tower, doomed to See also:die in the See also:morning, on the See also:night of the death of Henry VIII. He was not released until the See also:accession of See also:Mary, parliament restoring his dukedom on his See also:petition for reversal of the attainder.

His See also:

grandson Thomas succeeded him in 1554, and in 1556 made the second of those marraiges which have given the Howards their high place among the English See also:nobility. The bride was Mary, See also:sole heir in her issue of her father Henry, the last of the Fitzalan earls of Arundel. Her father's line and the royal Stewards of Scotland sprang from one forefather, Alan, son of Flaald the See also:Breton. The Mowbray match had already brought to the Howards the See also:representation of an elder line of the Fitzalan earls, who sat in the seats of their ancestors, the Aubignys and Warennes, great earls near akin to their sovereigns. And now the younger line, earls of Arundel and Lords Mautravers, were also to have a Howard to represent them. From this time the spreading See also:genealogy of the Howards See also:drew its origins from most of the illustrious names of the houses founded after the Norman See also:Conquest. The young duchess died in her seventeenth year after giving See also:birth to a son, and the duke took a second wife from a humble stock, newly enriched and honoured, the daughter of Henry VIII.'s subservient See also:chancellor, the Lord See also:Audley of See also:Walden. Within ten years he married a third time, the lady being Elizabeth Leybourne, the widow of Lord Dacre of Gilsland. She survived her marriage but a few months and her husband then obtained the wardship of her Dacre offspring, a son who died young, and three daughters whom the duke, with the true Howard See also:eye for a See also:rich inheritance, gave as brides to three of his sons. After three such See also:good fortunes by marriage Norfolk in his folly looked for a crown with a See also:fourth match, listening to the See also:laird of Lethington when he set forth the See also:scheme by which the duke was to marry a restored queen of Scots and See also:rule Scotland with her who should be recognized as Elizabeth's successor. Ten months in the Tower under strong suspicion would have warned another man, but Norfolk was unstable and false. After promising fidelity and the See also:abandonment of the Scots marriage scheme, See also:Cecil took him corresponding with Mary and tampering with the See also:Ridolfi See also:plot.

He died on Tower See also:

Hill in 1572 for an example to the disloyal counties, protesting innocence and repentance, warning his See also:children in a last See also:letter to discredit all " false bruits " that he was a papist. By his attainder the Norfolk titles were once more forfeited. But See also:Philip Howard, the son and heir, succeeded to the ancient earldom of Arundel in 1580. on the death of his maternal See also:grand-father, while the Lord Lumley, his See also:uncle by marriage, surrendered to him his life See also:interest in the castle and 'See also:honour of Arundel. The next year an See also:act of parliament restored the earl in See also:blood. After a profligate youth at See also:court, he followed his wife in professing the See also:Roman faith, and in 1585 made an See also:attempt to leave England to seek safety from the penal See also:laws. But his See also:ship was boarded in the Channel and the earl, condemned by the See also:Star-Chamber to a heavy See also:fine and to imprisonment during the queen's See also:pleasure, suffered a harsh captivity in the Tower. After the defeat of the See also:Armada he had been condemned to death on acharge of high See also:treason, founded on the See also:tale See also:drawn by See also:torture from a See also:priest, that Arundel had urged him to say a See also:mass for the success of the Spaniards. But he was allowed to linger in his See also:prison until 1595 when he died, the sight of his wife and children being cruelly refused to the dying man. Thus it befell that, of the chiefs of the Howards See also:born since the great Mowbray alliance, two had died by the See also:axe and one in the prison from which a fourth had hardly escaped. A fifth had fallen in a lost See also:battle, and only one had died in peace in his own house. The See also:ill See also:fate of the Howards seemed to be appeased by the death of Philip, earl of Arundel. Tudor policy did its See also:work well, and noblemen, however illustrious their pedigrees, could no longer be counted as menaces by the Crown, which was, indeed, finding another See also:rival to its power.

In the first year of James I., Thomas, the young son of Earl Philip, was restored in blood and given the titles of Arundel and Surrey. But the lands belonging to these titles remained with the Crown and he had to repair his fortunes by, one of those marriages which never failed his house, his wife being Alathea See also:

Talbot, who was at last the heir of See also:Gilbert, earl of See also:Shrewsbury. To the grief of his mother he left the Roman See also:church. A knight of the Garter, he was in 1621 created earl marshal for life, and revived the See also:jurisdiction belonging to the See also:office. An act of 1627, one of several such aimed at aggrandizing families by diverting the descent of dignities in fee from heirs general, entailed the earldom and castle of Arundel upon Thomas, earl of Arundel and Surrey and the heirs male of his body " and for See also:default of such issue, to the heirs of his body." His See also:pride and austerity made him unpopular at court and he left the See also:country in 1642, settling at last in See also:Padua, where he died in 1646, impoverished by the sequestrations of the parliament, whose forces had taken and retaken his castle of Arundel. In See also:answer to his petition for the dukedom, the king had, on the 6th of June 1644, given him a patent of the earldom of Norfolk, in See also:order, as it would seem, to flatter him by suggesting that the See also:title of Norfolk would at least be refused fo any other family. He is celebrated as a See also:collector of paintings, books, gems and sculptures, his " Arundel See also:marbles " being given by his grandson in 1667 to the University of Oxford. The dukedom for which Arundel had petitioned See also:Charles I. in vain was restored by act of the first parliament of Charles II. to his grandson Thomas, a lunatic living at Padua, on whose death in 1677 it passed to this Thomas's brother, Henry See also:Frederick, who had been created earl of Norwich and hereditary earl marshal of England in 1672. In 1777 Edward, the ninth of the Howard dukes, died childless in his ninety-second year. With him ended the earldom of Norwich, while the representation of the Mowbrays and Segraves passed to his nieces, the Ladies Stourton and See also:Petre, the See also:abeyance of the two baronies being determined in 1878 in favour of Lord Stourton. Under the act of 1627 the earldom of Arundel and the castle passed with the dukedom to a second cousin, Charles Howard of Greystock (d. 1786), an See also:eccentric recluse.

At his death in 1786 he was succeeded by his son Charles, the notorious " See also:

Jockey of Norfolk," the big, coarse, generous, slovenly, hard-drinking Whig of whom all the memoir-writers of his.See also:age have their anecdotes. He conformed to the Church of England and spent a vast sum in restoring Arundel Castle. A third cousin succeeded him in 1815, See also:Bernard Edward Howard, who, although a Roman See also:Catholic, was enabled, by the act of 1824, to act as earl marshal. This was the grandfather of the fifteenth duke, earl of Arundel, Surrey and Norfolk, and hereditary earl marshal of England. The eldest of the See also:cadet branches of the ducal house has its origin in William (c. 1510-1573), eldest son of the victor of Flodden by his second marriage. He survived the reign of Henry VIII., that perilous age for the Howards, with no worse misadventure than the conviction of himself and his wife of See also:misprision of treason in concealing the offences of his niece, Queen Catherine. But both were pardoned. In 2553 he had the office of lord admiral of England, and in the next year the Garter. For his services against Sir Thomas See also:Wyat he was created (See also:March r1, 1553/4) Lord Howard of Effingham, the title being taken from a Surrey manor granted him by Edward VI. Queen Elizabeth continued his employment in See also:diplomacy, and had he been richer he might have had an earldom. His eldest son Charles (1536-1624), lord admiral of England in 1585, sailed as See also:commander in chief against the See also:Spanish Armada, and, although giving due See also:weight to the counsel of See also:Drake and his other See also:officers, showed himself a See also:leader as prudent as courageous.

He was created earl of Nottingham in 1596 and died in 1624. The See also:

legend that the admiral was a Roman Catholic has no authority. Two of his sons succeeded in turn to the earldom of Nottingham, extinct on the death of Charles, the third earl in 1681. Sir William Howard of Lingfield, younger brother of the great admiral, carried on the Effingham line, his great-grandson succeeding to the See also:barony on the extinction of the earldom. See also:Francis, seventh Lord Howard of Effingham, was created earl of Effingham in 1731, a title extinct in 1816 with the fourth earl, but revived again in 1837 for the See also:eleventh baron, who had served as a general officer in the See also:Peninsular See also:campaign, the great-grandfather of the See also:present peer. A patent of 1604 created Henry Howard (154o-1614), younger son of Surrey the poet, earl of See also:Northampton, a peerage which ended with the death of this, the most unprincipled of his house. Thomas, son of the fourth duke of Norfolk's marriage with the (See also:laughter and heir of Thomas, Lord Audley of Walden, founded the line of the present earls of Suffolk and See also:Berkshire and of the extinct Lords Howard of Escrick. His barony of Howard of Walden has descended to his heirs general. Lord William Howard (1563-164o), the " belted Will " of See also:Scott's See also:Lay and the " bauld Willie " of more See also:authentic legend, was another of the sons of the fourth duke and Margaret Audley. Married in 1577 to one of the three co-heirs of the Lord Dacre of Gilsland he suffered under Elizabeth more than one imprisonment with his brother the unfortunate earl of Arundel. But in 1603 he was able, on the See also:partition of the Dacre lands, to make his See also:home at Naworth Castle, where he lived, a border See also:patriarch, cultivating his estates and serving as a commissioner of the See also:borders. His great-grandson Charles Howard, although fledged in a See also:nest of cavaliers, changed sides and fought at See also:Worcester for the parliament.

The See also:

Protector summoned him in 1657 to his House of Lords, but he was imprisoned in 1659 on suspicion of a share in See also:Booth's insurrection and, after the Restoration, was created, in 1661, earl of Carlisle, See also:Viscount See also:Morpeth and Lord Dacre of Gilsland, titles which arc still held by his descendants. From Sir Francis Howard, a See also:cavalier See also:colonel and a younger son of " bauld Willie," come the Howards of Corby Castle in See also:Cumberland, a branch without a hereditary title. William Howard, Viscount Stafford, was the fifth son of Thomas, earl of Arundel, and grandson of Philip the prisoner. Marrying the sister and heir of the fifth Lord Stafford, who died in 1637, he and his wife were created Baron and Baroness Stafford by a patent of 164o, with remainder, in default of heirs male, to heirs See also:female. A grant of the See also:precedence enjoyed by the bride's father being held illegal, her husband was in the same year created Viscount Stafford. See also:Roger Stafford, the impoverished heir male of the ancient Staffords`, had been forced to surrender his barony to the king by a See also:deed dated in the preceding year, a piece of injustice which is in the See also:teeth of all See also:modern conceptions of peerage law. The Viscount Stafford was one of the " five Popish lords " committed to the Tower in 1678 as a result of the slanders of See also:Titus See also:Oates and he died by the axe in 168o upon testimony which, as the diarist See also:Evelyn protested, "should not be taken against the life of a See also:dog." But three earls of his own house Carlisle, Suffolk and Berkshire—and the Lord Howard of Escrick, an ex-trooper of See also:Cromwell's guard and an anabaptist sectary, gave their votes against him, his See also:nephew Mowbray being the only peer of his name in the minority for acquittal. In 1688 his widow was created countess of Stafford for life, and his eldest son, Henry, had the earldom of Stafford, with See also:special remainder to his See also:brothers. This earldom ended in 1762, but the attainder was reversed by an act of 1824 and in the following year Sir See also:George Jerningham, the heir general, established his claim to the Stafford barony of 164o. AurxoR111Es.—See also:State papers ;• patent, See also:close and plea rolls. See also:Tierney, See also:History of Arundel; G. E.

C., See also:

Complete Peerage; J. H. See also:Round, Peerage Studies; Howard of Corby, Memorials of the Family of Howard; Brenan and Statham, House of Howard; Howard, See also:Historical Anecdotes of the Howard Family; Morant, Essex; Biome-See also:field, Norfolk. (0.

End of Article: HOWARD (FAMILY)

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