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See also:GASCONY (Wasconia) , an old See also:province in the S.W. of See also:France. It takes its name from the Vascones, a See also:Spanish tribe which in 58o and 587 crossed the See also:Pyrenees and invaded the See also:district known to the See also:Romans as Novempopulana or Aquitania tertia. Basque, the See also:national See also:language of the Vascones, took See also:root only in a few of the high valleys of the Pyrenees, such as Soule and Labourd; in the plains Latin dialects prevailed, Gascon being a See also:Romance language. In the 7th See also:century the name of Vasconia was substituted for that of Novempopulana. The Vascones readily recognized the See also:sovereignty of the Merovingian See also:kings. In 602 they consented to be governed by a See also:duke called Genialis, but in reality they remained See also:independent. They even appointed national See also:dukes, against whom See also:Charlemagne had to fight at the beginning of his reign. Finally Duke See also:Lupus II. made his
submission in 816, and the See also:Carolingians were able to establish Frankish dukes in the See also:country. Three of these are known: Seguin (Sighivinus) ,See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William (See also:Guillaume) ,and See also:Arnaud (Arnaldus). They were at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:counts of See also:Bordeaux, and succumbed to the See also:Normans. After the See also:death of Arnaud in 864 the See also:history of Gascony falls into the profoundest obscurity. The lists of the loth-century dukes prepared by See also:ancient and See also:modern historians can only be established by means of hypotheses based in many cases on See also:spurious documents (e.g. the See also:charter of Alaon), and little confidence can be placed in them. During this troubled See also:period Gascony was from time to time attached to one or other of the other Vascon states which had been formed on the See also:southern slope of the Pyrenees, but in the reign of See also:Hugh See also:Capet it was considered as forming See also:part of France, from which it has never been separated. Disputed in the nth century by the counts of See also:Poitiers, who were also dukes of See also:Aquitaine, and by the counts of See also:Armagnac, the duchy finally passed to the See also:house of Poitiers in 1073, when the See also:title of duke of Gascony was merged in that of duke of Aquitaine and disappeared. In the feudal period Gascony comprised a See also:great number of countships (including Armagnac, Bigorre, Fezensac, Gaure and Pardiac), viscountships (including See also:Beam, Lomagne, Dax, Juliac, Soule, Marsan, Tartas, Labourd and Maremne), and seigneuries (e.g. See also:Albret, &c.). From the ecclesiastical point of view, it corresponded nearly to the archbishopric of See also:Auch.
From about 1073 to 1137 Gascony was governed by the dukes of Aquitaine and counts of Poitiers, one of whom, William IX., gave the first charter of privileges to the See also:town of See also:Bayonne; but the duchy was weakened by the increasing See also:independence of its great feudatories, especially the viscounts of Beam and the counts of Armagnac. In 1137, the See also:year of her See also:father's death, Eleanor, the daughter and heiress of Duke William X., married the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of France, See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VII., and with the See also:rest of Aquitaine Gascony passed under his See also:direct See also:rule. In 1151, however, this See also:marriage was annulled, and almost at once Eleanor married See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry of See also:Anjou, who three years later became king of See also:England as Henry II. Thus was the house of See also:Plantagenet introduced into Gascony and a fresh See also:bone of contention was thrown between the kings of England and of France. Having established himself in the duchy by force of arms, Henry handed it over to his son See also:Richard, against whom many of the great Gascon lords revolted, and from Richard it passed to his See also:brother See also:John. The crusade against the Albigenses was carried into Gascony, and this warfare gave a new impetus to the See also:process of disintegration which was already at See also:work in the duchy. King John and his successor Henry III. were weak; the neighbouring counts of See also:Toulouse were powerful and aggressive; and the house of Beam was growing in strength. Gascony served Henry III. as headquarters during his two See also:short and disastrous See also:wars (1230 and 1242) with Louis IX., and in 1259 he did See also:homage for it to this king; his son, See also:Edward I., lost and then regained the duchy.
During the See also:Hundred Years' See also:War Gascony was obviously a See also:battle-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field for the forces of England and of France. The See also:French seized the duchy, but, aided by the rivalry between the powerful houses of See also:Foix and Armagnac, Edward III. was able to recover it, and by the treaty of Bretigny in 136o John II. recognized the See also:absolute sovereignty of England therein. Handed over as a principality by Edward to his son, the See also:Black See also:Prince, it was used by its new ruler as a See also:base during his expedition into See also:Spain, in which he received substantial help from the Gascon nobles. The renewal of the war between England and France, which took See also:place in 1369, was due in part to a dispute over the sovereignty of Gascony, and during its course the position of the See also:English was seriously weakened, the whole of the duchy See also:save a few towns and fortresses being lost; but the victories of Henry V. in See also:northern France postponed for a time the See also:total See also:expulsion of the foreigner. This was reserved for the final See also:stage of the war and was one result of the efforts of See also:Joan of Arc, the year 1451 witnessing the See also:capture of Bayonne and the final See also:retreat of the English troops from the duchy. During this time the inhabitants of Gascony suffered severely from the ravages of both parties, and the nobles ruled or misruled without See also:restraint.
The French kings, especially Louis XI., managed to restore the royal authority in the duchy, although this was not really accomplished until the See also:close of the 15th century when the house of Armagnac was overthrown. It was by means of administrative See also:measures that these kings attained their See also:object. Gascony was governed on the same lines as other parts of France and from the time of Henry IV., who was prince of Beam, and who See also:united his hereditary lands with the See also:crown, its history differs very slightly from that of the rest of the country. The See also:Renaissance inspired the See also:foundation of educational institutions and the See also:Reformation was largely accepted in Beam, but not in other parts of Gascony. The wars of See also:religion swept over the See also:land, which was the See also:scene of some of the military exploits of Henry IV., and Louis XIV. made some slight changes in its See also:government. As may be surmised the boundaries of Gascony varied from time to time, but just before the outbreak of the Revolution they were the See also:Atlantic Ocean, See also:Guienne, See also:Languedoc and the Pyrenees, and from See also:east to See also:west the duchy at its greatest extent measured 170 M.
At the end of the ancien regime Gascony was united with Guienne to See also:form a great military government. After the See also:division of France into departments, Gascony, together with Beam, French See also:Navarre and the Basque country, formed the departments of Basses-Pyrenees, See also:Landes, Hautes-Pyrenees and See also:Gers. Parts of Gascony also now form arrondissements and cantons of the departments of See also:Lot-et-See also:Garonne, Haute-Garonne, See also:Ariege and See also:Tarn-et-Garonne.
See Arnaud Ofhenart, Notitia utriusque Vasconiae, See also:tam Ibericae
See also:ram Aquitanicae (1637) ; L'See also:Abbe Monlezun, Histoire de la Gascogne 846-185o), comprising a number of useful but uncritically edited documents; and See also:Jean de Jaurgain, La Vasconie, etude historique et critique sur See also:les origines . . . du duche de Gascogne . . . et See also:des grands fiefs du duche de Gascogne (1898-1902), a learned and ingenious work, but characterized by unbridled genealogical See also:fancy. This last work was rectified by See also:Ferdinand Lot in his Etudes sur Is regne de See also:Hugues Capet (1903; see especially appendix x.). See also Barrau-Dihigo, " La Gascogne,"a bibliography of See also:manuscript See also:sources and of printed See also:works published in the Revue de synthese historique (1903). (C.
End of Article: GASCONY (Wasconia)
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