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HUNDRED YEARS' See also:WAR. This name is given to the protracted conflict between See also:France and See also:England from 1337 to 1453, which continued through the reigns of the See also:French See also:kings See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip VI., See also:John II., See also:Charles V.,. Charles VI., Charles VII., and of the See also:English kings See also:Edward III., See also:Richard II., See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV., Henry V. and Henry VI. The See also:principal causes of the war, which See also:broke out in See also:Guienne in 1337, were the disputes arising in connexion with the French possessions of the English kings, in respect to which they were vassals of the kings of France; the pretensions of Edward III. to the French See also:throne after the See also:accession of Philip VI.; Philip's intervention in the affairs of See also:Flanders and See also:Scotland; and, finally, the machinations of See also:Robert of See also:Artois.
During Philip VI.'s reign See also:fortune favoured the English. The French See also:fleet was destroyed at See also:Sluys on the 24th of See also:June 1340. After the See also:siege of See also:Tournai a truce was arranged on the 25th of See also:September 1340; but the next See also:year the armies of England and France were again at war in See also:Brittany on See also:account of the See also:rival pretensions of Charles of See also:Blois and John of See also:Montfort to the See also:succession of that duchy. In 1346, while the French were trying to invade Guienne, Edward III. landed in See also:Normandy, ravaged that See also:province, See also:part of the Ile de France and See also:Picardy, defeated the French See also:army at See also:Crecy on the 26th of See also:August 1346, and besieged See also:Calais, which surrendered on the 3rd of August 1347. Hostilities were suspended for some years after this, in consequence of the truce of Calais concluded on the 28th of September 1347.
The principal feats of arms which See also:mark the first years of province. During this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:Dunois in Guienne was taking John the See also:Good's reign were the taking of St See also:Jean d'Angely by
the French in 1351, the defeat of the English near St Omer in 1352, and the English victory near See also:Guines in the same year. In 1355 Edward III. invaded Artois while the See also:Black See also:Prince was pillaging See also:Languedoc. In 1356 the See also:battle of See also:Poitiers (September 19), in which John was taken prisoner, was the See also:signal for conflicts in See also:Paris between See also:Stephen See also:Marcel and the dauphin, and for the outbreak of the See also:Jacquerie. The treaty of Bretigny, concluded on the 8th of May 1360, procured France several years' repose.
Under Charles V. hostilities at first obtained only between French, Anglo-Navarrais (Du Guesclin's victory at Cocherel, May 16, 1364) and Bretons. In 1369, on the pretext that Edward III. had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Bretigny, the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of France declared war against him. Du Guesclin, having been appointed See also:- CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
- CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
- CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
- CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
- CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)
Constable, defeated the English at Pontvallain in 1370, at Chize in 1373, and drove them from their possessions between the See also:Loire and the See also:Gironde, while the See also:duke of See also:Anjou retook part of Guienne. Edward See also:IIL thereupon concluded the truce of See also:Bruges (June 27, 1375), which was See also:pro-longed until the 24th of June 1377. Upon the See also:death of Edward III. (June 21, 1377) Charles V. recommenced war in Artois and Guienne and against Charles the See also:Bad, but failed in his See also:attempt to reunite Brittany and France. Du Guesclin, who had refused to See also:march against his compatriots, died on the 13th of See also:July 1380, and Charles V. on the 16th of the following September.
In the beginning of Charles VI.'s reign the struggle between the two countries seemed to slacken. An attempt at reconciliation even took See also:place on the See also:marriage of Richard II. with See also:Isabella of France, daughter of Charles VI. (September 26, 1396). But Richard, having been dethroned by Henry of See also:Lancaster (Henry IV.), hostilities were resumed, Henry profiting little by the See also:internal discords of France. In 1415 his son, Henry V., landed in Normandy on the expiry of the truce of the 25th of September 1413, which had been extended in 1414 and 1415. He won the victory of See also:Agincourt (See also:October 25, 1415), and then seized See also:Caen and part of Normandy, while France was exhausting herself in the feuds of Armagnads and Burgundians. By the treaty of See also:Troyes (May 21,1415) he obtained the See also:hand of See also:Catherine, Charles VI.'s daughter, with the titles of See also:regent and See also:heir to the See also:kingdom of France. Having taken See also:Meaux on the 2nd of May 1429, and made his entry into Paris on the 3oth of May, the died on the 31st of August in the Bois de See also:Vincennes, leaving the throne to his son, Henry VI., with the duke of See also:Bedford as regent in France. Charles VI. died shortly afterwards, on the 21st of October.
His son, who styled himself Charles VII., suffered a See also:series of defeats in the beginning of his reign: Cravant on the See also:Yonne (1423), See also:Verneuil (1424), St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James de Beuvron (1426) and Rouvray (1429). See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, the last See also:bulwark of See also:royalty, had been besieged since the 12th of October 1428, and was on the point of surrender when See also:Joan of Arc appeared. She saved Orleans (May 8, 1429), defeated the English at Patay on the 16th of June, had Charles VII. crowned at See also:Reims on the 17th of July, was taken at See also:Compiegne on the 24th of May 1430, and was burned at See also:Rouen on the 3oth of May 1431 (see JOAN OF ARC). From this time on the English lost ground steadily, and the treaty of See also:Arras (March 20, 1435), by which good relations were established between Charles VII. and Philip the Good, duke of See also:Burgundy, dealt them a final See also:blow. Normandy See also:rose against them, while the constable De Richemontl drove them from Paris (1436) and retook See also:Nemours, See also:Montereau (1437) and Meaux (1439). The quickly repressed revolt of the See also:Praguerie made no break in Charles VII.'s successes. In 1442 he relieved successively See also:Saint Sever, Dax, See also:Marmande, La Reole, and in 1444 Henry VI. had to conclude the truce of See also:Tours. In 1448 the English were driven from Mans; and in 1449 , while Richemont was capturing Cotentin and See also:Fougeres, Dunois conquered See also:Lower Normandy and Charles VII. entered Rouen. The defeat of See also:Sir See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Kyriel, one of Bedford's See also:veteran captains, at Formigny in 1450, and the taking of See also:Cherbourg, completed the See also:conquest of the
1 See also:Arthur, See also:earl of See also:Richmond, afterwards Arthur III., duke of Brittany.
See also:Bordeaux and See also:Bayonne. Guienne revolted against France, whereupon See also:Talbot returned there with an army of 5000 men, but was vanquished and killed at Castillon on the 17th of July 1453• Bordeaux capitulated on the 9th of October, and the Hundred Years' War was terminated by the See also:expulsion of the English, who were by this time so fully occupied with the See also:Wars of the See also:Roses as to be unable to take the offensive against France anew.
End of Article: HUNDRED
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