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TOURS , a See also:town of central See also:France, See also:capital of the See also:department of See also:Indre-et-See also:Loire, 145 M. S.W. of See also:Paris by See also:rail. Pop. (1906), town 61,507; See also:commune, 67,601. Tours lies on the See also:left See also:bank of the Loire on a See also:flat See also:tongue of See also:land between that See also:river and the See also:Cher a little above their junction. The •right bank of the
Loire is bordered by hills at the See also:foot of which See also:lie the suburbs of St Cyr and St Symphorien. The river is crossed by two suspension See also:bridges, partly built on islands in the river, and by a See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone See also:bridge of the second See also:half of the 18th See also:century, the See also:Pont de Tours. Many foreigners, especially See also:English, live at or visit Tours, attracted by the town itself, its mild See also:climate and situation in " the See also:garden of France," and the historic chateaux in the vicinity. The See also:Boulevard See also:Beranger, with its continuation, the Boulevard Heurteloup, traverses Tours from See also:west to See also:east dividing it into two parts; the old town to the See also:north, with its narrow streets and See also:ancient houses, contains the See also:principal buildings, the shops and the business houses, while the new town to the See also:south, centring See also:round a See also:fine public garden, is almost entirely residential. The See also:Rue Nationale, the widest and handsomest See also:street in Tours, is a prolongation of the Pont de Tours and runs at right angles to the boulevards, continuing under the name of the See also:Avenue de See also:Grammont until it reaches the Cher.
St Gatien, the See also:cathedral of Tours, though hardly among the greatest churches of France, is nevertheless of considerable See also:interest. A cathedral of the first half of the 12th century was burnt in 1166 during the See also:quarrel between See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VII. of France and See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II. of See also:England. A new cathedral was begun about 117o but not finished till 1547. The See also:lower portions of the west towers belong to the 12th century, the See also:choir to the 13th century; the See also:transept and east bays of the See also:nave to the 14th; the remaining bays, a See also:cloister on the north, and the See also:facade, profusely decorated in the Flamboyant See also:style, to the 15th and 16th centuries, the upper See also:part of the towers being in the See also:Renaissance style of the 16th century. In the interior there is fine stained See also:glass, that of the choir (13th century) being especially remarkable. The See also:tomb. of the See also:children of See also:Charles VIII., constructed in the first years of the 16th century and attributed to the See also:brothers Juste is also of See also:artistic interest.
An example of Romanesque See also:architecture survives in the See also:great square See also:tower of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:Julien, the See also:rest of which is in the See also:early See also:Gothic style of the 13th century, with the exception of two apses added in the 16th century. Two towers and a Renaissance cloister are the See also:chief remains of the celebrated See also:basilica of St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin built mainly during the 12th and 13th centuries and demolished in 1802. It stood on the site of an earlier and very famous church built from 466 to 472 by See also:bishop St Perpetuus and destroyed together with many other churches in a See also:fire in 998. Two other churches worthy of mention are Notre-See also:Dame la Riche, originally built in the 13th century, rebuilt in the 16th, and magnificently restored in the 19th century; and St Saturnin of the 15th century. The new basilica of St Martin and the church of St See also:Etienne are See also:modern. Of the old houses of Tours the hotel Gouin and that wrongly known as the See also:house of See also:Tristan 1'Hermite (both of the 15th century) are the best known. Tours has several learned See also:societies and a valuable library, including among its See also:MSS. a See also:gospel of the 8th century on which the See also:kings of France took See also:oath as honorary canons of the church of St Martin. The museum contains a collection of pictures, and the museum of the Archaeological Society of See also:Touraine has valuable antiquities; there is also a natural See also:history museum.
The chief public monuments are the See also:fountain of the Renaissance built by Jacques de See also:Beaune (d. 1527), See also:financial See also:minister, the statues of See also:Descartes, See also:Rabelais and See also:Balzac, the latter See also:born at Tours, and a See also:monument to the three doctors Bretonneau, Trousseau and Velpeau. Tours is the seat of an See also:archbishop, a See also:prefect, and a See also:court of assizes, and headquarters of the IX. See also:Army See also:Corps and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade See also:arbitration, a chamber of commerce and a See also:branch of the Bank of France. Among its educational institutions are a preparatory school of See also:medicine and See also:pharmacy, lycees for both sexes, a training See also:college for girls and See also:schools of fine See also:art and See also:music. The See also:industrial establishments of the town include See also:silk factories and numerous important . See also:printing-See also:works, See also:steel works, irore foundries and factories for automobiles, machinery, oil, See also:lime and See also:cement, biscuits, portable buildings, stained glass, boots and shoes and See also:porcelain. A considerable trade is carried on in the See also:wine of the See also:district and in See also:brandy and in dried fruits, sausages and See also:confectionery, for wnich the town is well known. Three-quarters of a mile to the south-west of Tours lie unimportant remains of Plessis-See also:les-Tours, the See also:chateau built by Louis XI., whither he retired before his See also:death in 1483. On the right bank of the Loire 2 M. above the town are the ruins of the ancient and powerful See also:abbey of Marmoutier. Five See also:miles to the north-west is the large agricultural reformatory of Mettray founded in 1839.
Tours (see TounAINE), under the Gauls the capital of the Turones or Turons, originally stood on the right bank of the Loire, a little above the See also:present See also:village of St Symphorien. At
first called Altionos, the town was afterwards known as Caesarodunum.
The See also:Romans removed the town from the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill where it originally stood to the See also:plain on the left bank of the river. Behind the present cathedral, remains of the See also:amphitheatre (443 ft. in length by 394 in breadth) built towards the end of the 2nd century might formerly be seen. Tours became See also:Christian about 250 through the See also:preaching of Gatien, who founded the bishopric. The first cathedral was built a See also:hundred years later by St Litorius. The bishopric became an archbishopric when Gra tian made Tours the capital of Lugdunensis Tertia though the bishops did not adopt the See also:title of archbishop till the 9th century. About the beginning of the 5th century the See also:official name of Caesarodunuln was changed for that of Civitas Turonorum. St Martin, the great apostle of the Gauls, was bishop of Tours in the 4th century, and he was buried in a suburb which soon became as important as the town itself from the number of pilgrims who flocked to his tomb. Towards the end of the 4th century, apprehensive of See also:barbarian invasion, the inhabitants pulled down some of their earlier buildings in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to raise a fortified See also:wall, the course of which can still be traced in places. Their advanced fort of Larcay still overlooks the valley of the Cher. Affiliated to the Armorican See also:confederation in 435, the town did not fall to the Visigoths till 473, and the new masters were always hated. It became part of the Frankish dominions under See also:Clovis, who, in See also:consideration of the help afforded by St Martin, presented the church with See also:rich gifts out of the spoils taken from See also:Alaric, confirmed and extended its right of See also:sanctuary, and accepted for himself and his successors the title of See also:canon of St Martin. At the end of the 6th century the bishopric was held by St See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory of Tours. Tours See also:grew rapidly in prosperity under the See also:Merovingians, but abuse of the right of sanctuary led to great disorder, and the church itself became a hotbed of See also:crime. See also:Charlemagne re-established discipline in the disorganized monastery and set over it the learned See also:Alcuin, who established at Tours one of the See also:oldest public schools of Christian See also:philosophy and See also:theology. The arts flourished at Tours in the See also:middle ages and the town was the centre of the Poitevin Romanesque school of architecture. The abbey was made into a collegiate church in the 11th century, and was for a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time affiliated to See also:Cluny, but soon came under the See also:direct See also:rule of See also:Rome, and for See also:long had bishops of its own. The suburb in which the monastery was situated became as important as Tours itself under the name of Martinopolis. The See also:Normans, attracted by its riches, pillaged it in 853 and 903. Strong walls were erected from 906 to 910, and the name was changed to that of See also:Chateauneuf. See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus sanctioned the communal privileges which the inhabitants forced from the canons of St Martin and the innumerable offerings of princes, lords and pilgrims maintained the prosperity of the town all through the middle ages. A 13th-century writer speaks with See also:enthusiasm of the See also:wealth and luxury of the inhabitants of Chateauneuf, of the beauty and chastity of the See also:women and of the rich See also:shrine of the See also:saint. In the 14th century Tours was See also:united to Chateauneuf within a See also:common wall, of which a round tower, the Tour de See also:Guise, remains, and both towns were put under the same See also:administration. The numerous and long-continued visits of Charles VII., Louis XI., who established the silk-See also:industry, and Charles VIII. during the 15th century favoured the commerce and industry of the town, then peopled by 75,000 inhabitants. In the 15th and 16th centuries the presence of See also:Jean See also:Fouquet the painter of See also:Michel See also:Colomb and the brothers Juste the sculptors, enhanced the fame of the town in the See also:sphere of art. In 1562 Tours suffered from the violence of both Protestants and Catholics, and enjoyed no real See also:security till after the pact entered into at Plessis-lesTours between Henry III. and Henry of See also:Navarre in 1589. In the 17th and 18th centuries Tours was the capital of the See also:government of Touraine. Its manufactures, of which silk See also:weaving was the chief, suffered from the revocation of the See also:Edict of See also:Nantes (1685). In 1772 its See also:mint, whence were issued the " livres " of Tours (librae Turonenses) was suppressed. During the Revolution the town formed a See also:base of operations of the Republicans against the Vendeans. In 187o it was for a
time the seat of the delegation of the government of See also:national See also:defence. In 1871 it was occupied by the Germans from the loth of See also:January to the 8th of See also:March.
See P. Vitry, Tours et les chateaux de Touraine (Paris, 1905) ; E. Giraudet, Histoire de la vile de Tours (Tours, 1873) ; Les Artistes tourangeaux (Tours, 1885).
End of Article: TOURS
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