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apse still remain. In 1750 the abbey buildings were largely rebuilt and now contain a technical school. Part of the site of the church is given up to the stabling of a See also:

government See also:

STUD

stud. The abbot's palace, which belongs to the end of the r5th century, serves as hotel-de-ville, library and museum. The town has quarries of See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone and building-See also:

stone, and manufactures pottery, See also:

leather and See also:

paper.

A See also:

mere See also:

VILLAGE

village at the See also:

time when the abbey was founded (910), Cluny gradually increased in importance with the development of the religious fraternity, and in 1090 received a communal See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from the abbot St See also:

Hugh. In 1471 the town was taken by the troops of See also:

Louis XI. In 1529 the abbey was given " in commendam " to the See also:

FAMILY

family of See also:

Guise, four members of which held the See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of abbot during the next See also:

HUNDRED

hundred years. The town and abbey suffered during the See also:

WARS

Wars of See also:

Religion of the 16th century, and the abbey was closed in 1790. The See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence erected in See also:

Paris at the end of the 15th century by the abbots See also:

JEAN

Jean de Bourbon and Jacques d'See also:

Amboise, and known as the Hotel de Cluny (see See also:

HousE, See also:

PLATE

Plate I., fig. 6), is occupied by the du Sommerard collection; but the See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de Cluny founded in 1269 by the abbot Yves de Vergy, as a theological school for the See also:

order, is no longer in existence. The Order of Cluniac See also:

BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines.—The Monastery of Cluny was founded in 910 by See also:

William I. the Pious, See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

AUVERGNE

Auvergne and See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

GUIENNE

Guienne (See also:

AQUITAINE

Aquitaine). The first abbot was Berno, who had under his See also:

RULE

rule two monasteries in the neighbourhood. Before his See also:

DEATH

death in 927 two or three more came under his See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, so that he bequeathed to his successor the government of a little See also:

GROUP

group of five or six houses, which became the See also:

NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the order of Cluny. Berno's succesipr was See also:

Odo: armed withpapal privileges he set to See also:

WORK

work to make Cluny the centre of a revival and reform among the monasteries of France; he also journeyed to See also:

Italy, and induced some of the great See also:

BENEDICTINE

Benedictine houses, and among them St See also:

Benedict's own monasteries of See also:

SUBIACO (anc. Sublaqueum)

Subiaco and See also:

MONTE

Monte Cassino, to receive the reform and adopt the Cluny manner of See also:

LIFE

life. The See also:

PROCESS

process of See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension, partly by See also:

FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding new houses, partly by incorporating old ones, went on under Odo's successors, so that by the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 12th century Cluny had become the centre and See also:

head of a great order embracing 314 monasteries—the number 2000, sometimes given, is an exaggeration—in all parts of Europe, in France, Italy, the Empire, See also:

LORRAINE

Lorraine, See also:

Spain, See also:

England, See also:

Scotland, See also:

Poland, and even in the See also:

HOLY

Holy See also:

LAND

Land. And the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Cluny extended far beyond the actual order: many monasteries besides Monte Cassino and Subiaco adopted its customs and manner of life without subjecting themselves to its sway; and of these, many in turn became the centres of reforms which extended Cluny ideas and influences over still wider circles: See also:

Fleury and Hirsau may be mentioned as conspicuous examples.

The See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual stages in the growth of the Cluny See also:

SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of influence is exhibited in a See also:

map [VI. C.] in Heussi and Mulert's Handatlas zur Kirchengeschichte, 1905. When we turn to the inner life of Cluny, we find that the decrees of See also:

Aix-la-Chapelle, which summed up the Carolingian See also:

MOVEMENT

movement for reform (see BENEDICTINES), were taken as the basis of the observance. See also:

Field work and See also:

MANUAL

manual labour were given up; and in See also:

COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation the tendency initiated by Benedict of Aniane, to prolong and multiply the church services far beyond the canonical office contemplated by St Benedict, was carried to still greater extremes, so that the services came to occupy nearly the whole See also:

day. The lessons at the See also:

NIGHT

night office became so lengthy that, e.g., the See also:

BOOK

Book of See also:

Genesis was read through in a See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week; and the daily psalmody, between canonical office and extra devotions, exceeded a hundred See also:

psalms (see Edm. See also:

Bishop, Origin of the Primer, Early See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text See also:

Soc., See also:

ORIGINAL

Original See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, No. 109). If its influence on the subsequent See also:

HISTORY

history of monastic and religious life and organization be considered, the most noteworthy feature of the Cluny See also:

SYSTEM

system was its See also:

EXTERNAL

external polity, which constituted it a veritable " order " in the See also:

MODERN

modern sense of the word, the first that had existed since that of See also:

PACHOMIUS, ST (292-346)

Pachomius (see See also:

MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

MONASTICISM). All the houses that belonged, either by See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation or See also:

INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation, to the Cluny system were absolutely subject to Cluny and its abbot, who was " See also:

general " in the same sense as the general of the See also:

JESUITS

Jesuits or See also:

DOMINICANS

Dominicans, the practically See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute ruler of the whole system. The superiors of all the subject houses (usually priors, not abbots) were his nominees; every member of the order was professed by his permission, and had to pass some of the early years of his monastic life at Cluny itself; the abbot of Cluny had entire control over every one of the monks—some ro,000, it is said; it even came about that he had the See also:

PRACTICAL

practical See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of his successor. For a description and See also:

criticism of the system, see F. A.

Gasquet, See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of Monastic Constitutional History, pp. xxxii-See also:

XXXV

xxxv (the Introduction to and ed. (1895) of the English trans. of the Monks of the See also:

West); here it must suffice to say that it is the very See also:

ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis of the Benedictine polity (see BENEDICTINES). The greatness of Cluny is really the greatness of its early abbots. If the See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reign of the unworthy Pontius be excepted, Cluny was ruled during a See also:

period of about 250 years (910-1157) by a See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of seven great abbots, who combined those high qualities of See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, ability and religion that were necessary for so commanding a position; they were Berno, Odo, Aymard, Majolus (Maieul), Odilo, Hugh, Peter the See also:

VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

Venerable. Sprung from See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families of the neighbourhood; educated to the highest level of the culture of those times; endowed with conspicuous ability and prudence in the conduct of affairs; enjoying the See also:

CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration and confidence of popes and sovereigns; employed again and again as papal legates and imperial ambassadors; taking part in all great movements of ecclesiastical and temporal politics; refusing the first See also:

SEES

sees in Western Christendom, the cardinalate, and the papacy itself: they ever remained true to their See also:

state as monks, without loss of piety or religion. Four of them, indeed, Odo, Maieul, Odilo and Hugh, are venerated as See also:

SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints. In the movement associated with the name of See also:

HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand the influence of Cluny was thrown strongly on the See also:

side of religious and ecclesiastical reform, as in the suppression of See also:

SIMONY

simony and the enforcing of clerical See also:

CELIBACY (Lat. caelibatus, from caelebs, unmarried)

celibacy; but in the struggle between the Papacy and the Empire the abbots of Cluny seem to have steered a middle course between Guelfs and Ghibellines, and to have exercised a moderating influence; St Hugh maintained relations with See also:

Henry IV. after his See also:

EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication, and probably influenced him to go to See also:

CANOSSA

Canossa. Hildebrand himself, though probably not a See also:

monk of Cluny, was a monk of a Cluniac monastery in Rome; his successor, See also:

Urban II., was actually a Cluny monk, as was See also:

PASCHAL (Paschalis)

Paschal II. It may safely be said that from the middle of the loth century until the middle of the 12th, Cluny was the chief centre of religious influence throughout Western Europe, and the abbot of Cluny, next to the See also:

pope, the most important and powerful ecclesiastic in the Latin Church. Everything at Cluny was on a See also:

scale worthy of so great a position. The basilica, begun 1089 and dedicated 1131, was, until the building of the See also:

PRESENT

present St Peter's, the largest church in Christendom, and was both in structure and ornamentation of unparalleled magnificence. The monastic buildings were gigantic.

During the abbacy of Peter the Venerable (1122–1157) it became clear that, after a See also:

LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of two centuries, a renewal of the framework of the life and a revival of its spirit had become necessary. Accordingly he summoned a great See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of the whole order whereat the priors and representatives of the subject houses attended in such See also:

numbers that, along with the Cluny community, the See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly consisted of 1200 monks. This chapter See also:

drew up the 76 statutes associated with Peter's name, regulating the whole range of claustral life, and solemnly promulgated as binding on the whole Cluniac obedience. But these See also:

MEASURES

measures did not succeed in saving Cluny from a rapid decline that set in immediately after Peter's death. The monarchical status of the abbot was gradually curtailed by the holding of general chapters at fixed periods and the appointment of a See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of definitors, elected by the chapter, as a permanent See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council for the abbot. Owing to these restrictions and still more to the fact that the later abbots were not of the same calibre as the early ones, their See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and influence waned, until in 1528 (if not in 1456) the abbey See also:

fell into " commendam." The rise of the See also:

CISTERCIANS

Cistercians and the mendicant orders were contributory causes, and also the difficulties experienced in keeping houses in other countries subject to a See also:

French See also:

SUPERIOR

superior. And so the great system gradually became a mere See also:

CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation of French houses. Of the commendatory abbots the most remarkable were Cardinals See also:

Richelieu and See also:

MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin, who both initiated attempts to introduce reforms into the Cluny congregation, the former trying to amalgamate it with the reformed congregation of St Maur, but without effect. Martene tells us that in the early years of the 18th century in the monastery of See also:

BAUME, ANTOINE (1728-1894)

Baume, one of Berno's original group of Cluny houses—indeed the See also:

PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent house of Cluny itself—no one was admitted as a monk who had not sixteen quarterings in his coat of arms. A reform movement took See also:

root in the Cluny congregation, and during the last century of its existence the monks were divided into two See also:

groups, the Reformed and the Unreformed, living according to different See also:

LAWS

laws and rules, with different superiors, and sometimes See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent, and even See also:

RIVAL

rival, general chapters. This most unhappy arrangement hopelessly impaired the vitality and work of the congregation, which was finally dissolved and suppressed in 1790, the church being deliberately destroyed. Cluniac houses were introduced into England under the Conqueror.

The first foundation was at See also:

BARNSTAPLE

Barnstaple; the second at See also:

Lewes by William de See also:

WARENNE, EARLS

Warenne, in 1077, and it counted as one of the " Five Daughters of Cluny." In See also:

QUICK

quick succession followed See also:

THETFORD

Thetford, Montacute, See also:

WENLOCK

Wenlock, See also:

BERMONDSEY

Bermondsey, and in Scotland, See also:

Paisley; a number of lesser See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations were made,and offshoots from the English houses; so that the English Cluniac dependencies in the 13th century amounted to 40. It is said that in the reign of See also:

EDWARD

Edward III. they transmitted to Cluny annually the sum of £2000, See also:

EQUIVALENT

equivalent to £6o,000 of our See also:

MONEY

money. Such a drain on the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was naturally looked on with disfavour, especially during the French wars; and so it came about that as " See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien priories " they were frequently sequestered by the See also:

CROWN

crown. As the communities came to be composed more and more of English subjects, they tended to grow impatient of their subjection to a See also:

FOREIGN

foreign house, and began to See also:

PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament to be naturalized and to become See also:

DENIZEN (derived through the Fr. from Lat. de intus, " from within," i.e. as opposed to " foreign ")

denizen. In 1351 Lewes was actually naturalized, but a century later the See also:

prior of Lewes appears still as the abbot of Cluny's See also:

VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar in England. Though the bonds with Cluny seem to have been much relaxed if not wholly broken, the Cluniac houses continued as a See also:

SEPARATE

separate group up to the See also:

DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution, never taking part in the chapters of the English Benedictines. At the end thew were eight greater and nearly See also:

THIRTY

thirty lesser Cluniac houses: for See also:

list see Table in F. A. Gasquet's English Monastic Life; and See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

DICTIONARY

Dictionary, See also:

art. " Cluny." The history of Cluny up to the death of Peter the Venerable may be extracted out of See also:

MABILLON, JOHN (1632-1707)

Mabillon's Annales by means of the See also:

INDEX

Index; the See also:

story is told in See also:

HELYOT, PIERRE (1660-1716)

Helyot, Hist. See also:

des ordres religieux (1792), v. CC. 18, 19.

Abridged accounts, with references to the most See also:

RECENT

recent literature, may be found in Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen (1896), i. § 2o; See also:

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie (ed. 3), art. " Cluni " (Grutzmacher) ; and Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon (ed. 2), art. " Clugny " (See also:

HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele). The best modern monograph is by E. Sackur, See also:

Die Cluniacenser (1891-1894). In English a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

account is given in See also:

Maitland, Dark Ages, §§ xviii.-See also:

XXVI

xxvi.; the Introduction to G. F. Duckett's Charters and Records of Cluni (189o) contains, besides general See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, a description of the church and the buildings, and a list of the chief Cluniac houses in all countries. The story of the English houses is briefly sketched in the second chapter of F.

A. Gasquet's Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries (the larger ed., 1886). (E. C.

End of Article: CLUNY, or CLUGNY

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