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DOMINICANS , otherwise called Friars Preachers, and in See also:England See also:Black Friars, from the black See also:mantle worn over a See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:habit, an See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of friars founded by St See also:Dominic (q.v.). Their first See also:house was in See also:Toulouse, where the See also:bishop established them at the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St Romain, 1215. Dominic at once went to See also:Rome to obtain permission to found an order of preachers whose See also:sphere of activity should be the whole See also:world, but See also:Innocent III. said they must adopt one of the existing rules. Dominic returned to Toulouse and it was resolved to take the See also:Rule of St See also:Augustine, Dominic himself having been an Augustinian See also:canon at Osma (see AUGUSTINIAN CANONS). Dominic went again to Rome, and during the See also:year 1216 he obtained from See also:Honorius III. a See also:series of confirmations of the community at Toulouse as a See also:congregation of Canons See also:Regular of St. Augustine with a See also:special See also:mission to preach. See also:Early in 1218 an encyclical See also:bull was issued to the bishops of the whole See also:Catholic world recommending to them the " Order of Friars Preachers," followed in 1221 by another ordering them to give to the friars faculties to preach and hear confessions in their dioceses. Already in 1217 Dominic had scattered the little See also:band of seventeen over the world—to See also:Paris, into See also:Spain, and one he took with himself to Rome. Within a few months there were See also:forty friars in Rome, at See also:Santa Sabina on the Aventine, and See also:thirty in Paris; and before Dominic's See also:death in 1221 friaries had been established at See also:Lyons, See also:Limoges, See also:Reims, See also:Metz, See also:Poitiers and See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans; at See also:Bologna, See also:Milan, See also:Florence, See also:Verona, See also:Piacenza and See also:Venice; at See also:Madrid, See also:Palencia, See also:Barcelona and See also:Seville; at Friesach in See also:Carinthia; at See also:Cracow and See also:Prague; and friars were on their way to See also:Hungary and England.
The order took definite shape at the two See also:general chapters held at Bologna in 1220 and 1221. At first it had been but a congregation of canons regular and had worn the canons' black See also:cassock with white See also:linen See also:rochet. But now a white woollen habit with a black cloak or mantle was assumed. The Rule of St Augustine was supplemented by a See also:body of regulations, adopted mostly from those of the Premonstratensian canons. At the See also:head of the order was the See also:master-general, elected for See also:life until See also:recent times, when the See also:term of See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office was limited to six and then to twelve years; he enjoys supreme See also:power over the entire order, both houses and individuals, all of whom are directly subject to him. He dwells in Rome and is assisted by a See also:council. The order is divided into provinces and over each is a provincial, elected for four years. Each friary has its See also:prior, elected. by the community
every four years. The friars belong not to the house or See also:province in which they make their profession, but to the order; and it rests with the master-general to assign to each his See also:place of See also:residence. The manner of life was very austere—midnight office, perpetual See also:abstinence from See also:meat, frequent disciplines, prolonged fasts and silence. At St Dominic's See also:suggestion, and under his strong pressure, but not without considerable opposition, the general See also:chapter determined that the poverty practised in the order should be not merely individual, as in the monastic orders, but corporate, as among the See also:Franciscans; so that the order should have no possessions, except the monastic buildings and churches, no See also:property, no fixed income, but should live on charity and by begging. Thus, doubtless in See also:imitation of the Franciscans, the Dominicans became a mendicant order.
The extraordinarily rapid See also:propagation of the See also:institute suffered nd diminution through the founder's death; this was mainly due to the fact that his four immediate successors in the generalate were men of conspicuous ability and high See also:character. In a few years the Dominicans penetrated into See also:Denmark, See also:Sweden, See also:Russia, See also:Prussia and See also:Poland, See also:preaching and missionizing in the still See also:pagan districts of these countries; and soon they made their way to See also:Greece and See also:Palestine and thence to central See also:Asia. St See also:Hyacinth, a See also:Pole received by St Dominic, during missionary journeys extending over thirty-five years travelled over the See also:north and See also:east of See also:Europe and into Tatary, See also:Tibet and See also:northern See also:China. In 1252 the See also:pope addressed a See also:letter to the Dominicans who were preaching " among the See also:Saracens, Greeks, Bulgarians, Kumans, Syrians, Goths, See also:Jacobites, Armenians, See also:Jews, See also:Tatars, Hungarians." From the 14th See also:century until the See also:middle of the 17th the Dominicans had numerous See also:missions in See also:Persia, See also:India and China, and in the northern parts of See also:Africa. They followed the See also:Spanish and Portuguese explorers and conquerors both to the East and to the See also:West, converting, protecting and civilizing the See also:aborigines. On these missionary enterprises See also:great See also:numbers of Dominicans laid down their life for the See also:Gospel.
Another conspicuous See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of See also:work of the Dominicans See also:lay in the See also:universities. It had been St Dominic's policy to aim at See also:founding houses first of all in the great university towns—at Paris, Bologna, Palencia, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford. This policy was adhered to, and the Dominicans soon became a power in the universities, occupying chairs in those just named and in See also:Padua, See also:Cologne, See also:Vienna, Prague and See also:Salamanca. The scholastic doctors See also:Albert the Great and See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Aquinas were the leaders in this See also:side of Dominican activity, and the order's See also:influence on the course of See also:medieval theological development was exercised mainly by these doctors and by the Dominican school of See also:theology, which to this See also:day has maintained the principles and methods elaborated by St Thomas.
The Dominican name is in an especial way associated with the See also:Inquisition, the office of Inquisitor in all countries, including Spain, having usually been held by Dominicans. The vicissitudes of the order have been much like those of other orders—periods of relaxation being followed by periods of revival and reform; but there were not any reforms of the same See also:historical importance as in most other orders, the policy having been to keep all such movements strictly within the organization of the order. In 1425 See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin V. relaxed for some houses the See also:law of corporate poverty, allowing them to hold property, and to have fixed See also:sources of income; and fifty years later See also:Sixtus IV. extended this mitigation to the entire order, which thereby ceased to be mendicant. This See also:change caused no troubles, as among the Franciscans, for it was See also:felt that it did not See also:touch St Dominic's fundamental See also:idea.
The Friars Preachers came to England and were established at Oxford in 1221, and by the end of the century fifty friaries were founded all over England, usually in the towns, and several in See also:Ireland and See also:Scotland.
In See also:London they were first on the site of See also:Lincoln's See also:Inn, but in 1275 they migrated to that now occupied by See also:Printing-house Square, and their name survives in Blackfriars See also:Bridge. The only nunnery was at See also:Dartford. At the See also:Dissolution there were fifty-seven friaries (see lists in F. A. Gasquet's See also:English Monastic Life, Catholic See also:Dictionary and C. F. See also:Palmer's Life of See also:Cardinal See also:Howard, where historical notes are added). In See also:Mary's reign some of the scattered friars were brought together andestablished in Smithfield, and the remnant of the nuns were restored to Dartford. In 1559 these houses were suppressed and the nuns and two friars expatriated, and for a See also:hundred years there was no English Dominican community. But throughout the reigns of See also:Elizabeth and the early Stuarts there were usually some Dominicans, either Englishmen professed in See also:foreign monasteries or foreigners, labouring on the English mission or attached to the foreign embassies. In 1658 See also:Friar Thomas Howard (afterwards Cardinal) succeeded in establishing at Bornhem near See also:Antwerp a house for the English friars. From that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time there has always been an organized body of English Dominicans, again and again reduced almost to extinction, but ever surviving; it now has See also:half a dozen thriving friaries. The Irish province also survived the days of persecution and possesses a dozen friaries. In 184o See also:Lacordaire restored the See also:French province. In 1900 there were 4350 Dominicans, including lay See also:brothers, and 300 friaries, scattered all over the world. Missionary work still holds a prominent place in Dominican life; there are missions in See also:Annam, See also:Tongking and China, and in See also:Mesopotamia, See also:Mosul and See also:Kurdistan. They have also a remarkable school for Biblical studies and See also:research at See also:Jerusalem, and the theological See also:faculty in the See also:Roman Catholic university at See also:Fribourg in See also:Switzerland is in their hands. There have been four Dominican popes: Innocent V. (t 1276), See also:Benedict XI. (t 13o4), See also:Pius V. (t 1572), Benedict XIII.
(t 1730). The friars See also:form the " First Order "; the nuns, or Dominicanesses, the " Second Order." The latter may claim to have See also:chronological See also:precedence over the friars, for the first nunnery was established by St Dominic in 1206 at Prouille in the See also:diocese of Toulouse, as a See also:refuge for See also:women converted from the Albigensian See also:heresy. The second See also:convent was at See also:San Sisto in Rome, also founded by Dominic himself. From that time the institute spread widely. The rule resembled that of the friars, except that the nuns were to be strictly enclosed and purely contemplative; in course of time, however, they undertook educational work. In 1909 there were nearly Too nunneries of the Second Order, with some 1500 nuns. They have See also:schools and orphanages in See also:South Africa, especially in the See also:Transvaal.
A considerable number of other convents for women follow the Rule of the " Third Order." This rule was not written until the 15th century, and it is controverted whether, and in what sense, it can be held that the " Third Order " really goes back to St Dominic, or whether it See also:grew up in imitation of the Franciscan See also:Tertiaries. Besides the conventual Tertiaries, there are See also:con-See also:fraternities of lay men and women who strive to carry out this rule while living their See also:family life in the world (see TERTIARIES). St Catharine of See also:Siena was a Dominican See also:Tertiary.
See the authorities cited in the See also:article DoMINIc, See also:SAINT ; also See also:Helyot, Hist. See also:des ordres religieux (1714), iii. cc. 24-29, and Max Heimbucher, Orden u. Kongregationen (1896), §§ 86-91; and C. F. Palmer, Life of Cardinal Howard (1867), which gives a special See also:account of the English Dominican province. (E. C.
End of Article: DOMINICANS
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