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spring and summer by the Tigris; next a stretch of the river which, at such times as it is not fordable, is spanned by a bridge of boats, the bridge proper covering only one-See also:

SIXTH

sixth of the full width of the stream. During the See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of See also:

low See also:

WATER

water excellent vegetables, particularly water-melons, are grown upon the islands and dry portions of the river-See also:

bed. The interior of Mosul has an insignificant See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, only a few of the older buildings being See also:

LEFT

left, among which may be mentioned the Great See also:

MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

Mosque, with its leaning See also:

MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret, formerly a See also:

church dedicated to St See also:

Paul. The streets are for the most part badly paved and very narrow, a small square in the See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, overlooked by See also:

AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

airy See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-booths, being almost the only open space. The shops are few and poor. The See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in comparison with former times, when the town had so considerable a manufacture in See also:

MUSLIN (through Fr. mousseline from It. mussolino, diminutive of Mussolo, i.e. the town Mosul in Kurdistan)

muslin as to give its name to that fabric, is very unimportant; See also:

trade also, which is almost exclusively in the hands of native merchants, has fallen off greatly, although the town remains the See also:

COLLECTING

collecting and distributing centre for the north Mesopotamian See also:

DESERT

desert and See also:

KURDISTAN

Kurdistan. The exports and most of the imports pass through Bagdad.

Mosul is the See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-point of roads from See also:

ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo, Diarbekr, See also:

BITLIS

Bitlis, north and west See also:

PERSIA

Persia and Bagdad; and it is on the projected See also:

LINE

line of railway from See also:

Constantinople to the See also:

Persian Gulf. See also:

Gall nuts, gathered on the neighbouring Kurdish See also:

mountain slopes, are mostly exported, but are also made use of by native dyers; and hides, See also:

wax, See also:

cotton and See also:

GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum are sold. Christians and Moslems have lived together on better terms here than elsewhere. Both are animated by an active See also:

LOCAL

local patriotism, and both See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour the same See also:

PATRON

patron See also:

SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints, Jirjis (St See also:

George) and See also:

Jonah; the See also:

GRAVE

grave of the latter is pointed out on an artificial See also:

MOUND

mound on the left bank of the Tigris. The See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the See also:

PEOPLE

people of Mosul is a See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of Arabic, partly influenced by Kurdish and See also:

SYRIAC

Syriac. The Moslems See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves either See also:

ARABS

Arabs or Kurds, but the prevalent type, very different from the true Arabian of Bagdad, proves the Aramaean origin of many of their number. Of the Christians the community of the Chaldaeans, i.e. those who have gone over from Nestorianism to Catholicism, seems to be the most important; there are also Syrian Catholics and See also:

JACOBITES (from Lat. Jacobus, James)

Jacobites. Mosul has for several centuries been a centre of See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic missionary activity, the See also:

DOMINICANS

Dominicans especially, by the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

SCHOOLS

schools and See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-offices, having made a marked impression upon an intelligent and teachable See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population. There are very few Protestants. The town is the seat of See also:

BRITISH

British, See also:

French and See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian consulates. Mosul shares the severe alternations of temperature experienced by upper Mesopotamia. The summer See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is extreme, and in See also:

winter See also:

frost is not unknown.

Nevertheless the See also:

CLIMATE

climate is considered healthy and agreeable; copious rains fall in See also:

general in winter. The drinking water is got from the muddy Tigris. At the north-east corner of the town is a See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur spring, and 4 leagues to the south there is a hot sulphur spring (Hammam `See also:

Ali), much frequented by invalids. Mosul probably occupies the site of a See also:

SOUTHERN

southern suburb of ancient See also:

NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh (q.v.) but it is very doubtful whether the older name of Mespila can be traced in the See also:

MODERN

modern Al-Mausil (Arab., " the place of connexion ") ; it is, however, certain that a town with the Arabic name Al-Mausil stood here at the See also:

time of the Moslem See also:

CONQUEST

conquest (636 A.D.). The town reached its greatest prosperity towards the beginning of the decline of the See also:

CALIPHATE

caliphate, when it was for a time an See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent capital. The See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of the Hamdanids reigned in Mosul from 934, but the town was conquered by the Syrian Okailids in 990. In the 11th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it belonged to the See also:

SELJUKS

Seljuks, and in the 12th, under the sway of the Atabegs, particularly of Zenki, it had a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

period of splendour. See also:

SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin besieged it unsuccessfully in 1182. The Persians occupied Mosul for a short time in 1623, until it was, soon after-wards, recovered by See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan See also:

MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad IV, The governorship of the pashalik was long hereditary in the originally See also:

Christian See also:

FAMILY

family of the `Abd-al-Jalil, until the See also:

PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte, during the course of the 19th century, succeeded after a long and severe contest in establishing a more centralized See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

government. The VILAYET OF MOSUL lies mainly east of the Tigris. It is divided into three sanjaks, Mosul, Shehrizor and See also:

SULEIMANIEH, or SULEIMANIA

Suleimanieh, and has an See also:

AREA

area of 29,000 sq. m. Pop.

295,000 (Moslems 245,000, See also:

YEZIDIS

Yezidis 15,000, Christians 30,000 and Jews 5000). See Karl See also:

Ritter, " Asien," vol. vii. in See also:

Die Erdkunde (See also:

Berlin, 1844). A See also:

map of the town accompanies J. Cernik's See also:

paper, " Studienexpedition durch die Gebiete See also:

des Euphrat and Tigris," in Erganzungsheft No. 45 of Petermanns Mitteilungen (See also:

GOTHA

Gotha, 1876) ; See also:

Parry, Six Months in a Syrian Monastery (1895); E. Sachau, Am Euphrat and Tigris (Berlin, 1899) ; See also:

Baron von See also:

OPPENHEIM

Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen See also:

GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

Golf (Berlin, 1900).

End of Article: MOSUL

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