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MOUND , now used in the sense of a See also: pile or heap of See also:earth, artificial or natural, especially such a pile raised over a See also:grave or See also:burial-See also:place, a See also:tumulus, or as a means of See also:defence, and so used to translate See also:Lat. agger. The earliest use in See also:English is for a hedge or other boundary between adjoining lands; this only survives dialectically. The word is obscure in origin, but was See also:early influenced by " See also:mount," i.e. See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill; Lat. mans, montis. A connexion with O. Eng. mund, guardianship, See also:hand, has been suggested. The " See also:orb," i.e. a globe of See also:gold surmounted by a See also:cross, as forming See also:part of the See also:regalia (q.v.), is often known as a " mound "; this is a See also:translation of Fr. monde; Lat. mundus, See also:world.
MOUND-BUILDERS, in See also:North See also:America, the name given to the prehistoric inhabitants who chiefly centred in the valleys of the See also:Mississippi and See also:Ohio, and who seem to have possessed a measure of See also:civilization far in excess of that of the North See also:American See also:Indians when first met by the whites. The remark-able mounds, which have given occasion for the name, are fortified enclosures and tumuli of the most varied See also:appearance, See also:round, conical, or in the shape of animals. They are scattered
over an immense See also:tract of See also:country from the See also:great lakes to the Gulf of See also:Mexico, and from the Rockies to the See also:Atlantic, but are specially frequent in the valley of the Mississippi, along its See also:left tributaries, in See also:Arkansas, See also:Kansas and the See also:basin of the Ohio. But the old theory that the mound-builders were a distinct See also:race of highly civilized agriculturists, who had lived from remote antiquity in the regions of the mounds and were eventually exterminated by the nomadic hordes coming from the northward, represented to-See also:day by the See also:present Indians, is no longer supported by the See also:principal American ethnologists, who hold that the Indians are their descendants.
In Ohio there are thousands of mounds, some in the See also:form of circles, others four-sided, and in a few cases eight-sided. Some-times a square and a circle are See also:united. See also: Altar-mounds, small rounded heaps of earth, are found in Ohio. At their centre is a basin-shaped See also:mass of hard See also:clay showing effects of See also:fire. These basins are 3 or 4 ft. across, and contain ashes and See also:charcoal. Upon these altars are found many See also:objects.
The most famous mound in Ohio is the " Great-See also:Serpent," in See also:- ADAMS
- ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
- ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
- ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
- ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
- ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
- ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
- ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
- ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
- ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)
Adams See also:county. It 'lies upon a narrow See also:ridge between three streams which unite. It is a gigantic serpent made in earth. Across the widely-opened jaws it See also:measures 75 ft.; the See also:body just behind the See also:head measures 30 ft. across and is 5 ft. high; and, following the curves, the length is 1348 ft. The tail is in a triple coil. In front of the See also:monster is an elliptical enclosure with a heap of stones at its centre. Beyond this is a form somewhat indistinct, thought by some to be a See also:frog.
In See also:Wisconsin the most interesting mounds are the effigy mounds—earthen forms of mammals, birds and See also:reptiles—usually in See also:groups and of gigantic See also:size. Among them are See also: buffalo, See also:moose, See also:elk, See also:deer, See also:fox, See also:wolf, See also:panther and See also:lynx. Some panthers have tails 350 ft. See also:long, and some eagles measure See also:i000 ft. from tip to tip of outspread wings. Occasionally the figures are cut or sunk in the earth, and near them are hundreds of See also:simple burial mounds. It seems most probable that the purpose of these , effigy mounds are totemic, and that they were objects of See also:worship as guardians of the villages.
Further See also:south in See also:west See also:Tennessee another class of mound is found. This contains See also:graves made of slabs of See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone set on edge. The simplest have six stones, two at the sides, two at the ends, one at the See also:top and one at the bottom. Sometimes there is one of these graves in a mound, sometimes many. In one, 12 M. from See also:Nashville, 45 ft. across and 12 ft. high, were found a See also:hundred skeletons, mostly in stone graves ranged one above the other. The skeletons in the upper graves had been buried stretched at full length. The See also:lower graves were See also:short and square, and the bones in them had been cleaned and piled in little heaps.
The mound-builders were Stone-See also:Age men, and made many beautiful objects of stone, See also:- SHELL
- SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)
shell, See also:bone and beaten metals, but they had no knowledge of smelting. That they were not one race is proved by a study of the skulls from the mounds.
AUTH0aITIEs.—E. G. Squier and E. H. See also: Davis, See also:Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1847); I. A. Lapham, Antiquities of Wisconsin (1855); See also:Stephen D. Peet, Emblematic Mounds; See also:Cyrus See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas, " Burial Mounds of the See also:Northern Sections of the United States," in the Fifth See also:Report (See also:Washington, 1887), and " Mound Explorations " in the Twelfth Report (1894) of the See also:Bureau of American See also:Ethnology.
End of Article: MOUND
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