RUSSIAN LITERATURE See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

The picture which Kotoshikhin draws of his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

The struggles of Nikon with the tsar, and his emendations of the sacred books, which led to a great See also:

• SCHISM

In the time of this emperor also was issued the Stoglav (1551), a body of ecclesiastical regulations. Mention must also be made of the Ulozhenie or " See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

Ivan the This See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

Kurbskiy died in exile in 1583. He also wrote a life of Ivan, but Bestuzhev Riumin thinks that his hatred of Ivan led him to exaggerate, and he regrets that See also:

• KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH (1765-1826)

(1681-1736), author of the Ecclesiastical Regulations and some plays, who advocated the cause of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Up to this time the Russians had acted only religious plays, such as those written by Simeon Polotzki. The reign of See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

The great poet of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

He is ovskiy. more remarkable, however, as a translator than as an original poet. With him Romanticism began in Russia. He became reader to the empress and afterwards tutor to her See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

During his short life (1799-1837) Alexander See also:

• PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER (1799-1837)

A genuine See also:

• BARD

The book may even yet be read with interest: it gives a very spirited picture of the times; unfortunately, a See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

1869) ; Later Ivan See also:

• GONCHAROV, IVAN ALEXANDROVICH (1812-1891)

Sergius Soloviev (1820-1879) was the author of a History of Russia which may be described rather as a See also:

• QUARRY

Pogodine (d. 1873), who compiled a History of Russia till the Invasion of the Mongols (1871), and especially I. Zabielin, who has written a History of Russian Life from the most Remote Times (1876), and the Private Lives of i he Czarinas and Czars (1869 and 1872) and a History of Moscow. Leshkov has written a History of Russian Law to the r8th Century, and Tchitcherin a History of Provincial Institutions in Russia in the 17th Century (1856). To these must be added the work of Zagoskin, History of Law in the State of Muscovy (Kazan, 1877). Professor Michael Kovalevskiy, of the university of Moscow, wrote an excellent work on Communal See also:

• LAND

A history of Russian literature by Paul Polevoy has appeared, which has gone through two See also:

• EDITIONS

The songs (byliny) of the Russians have been collected by Zakrevskiy, Rybnikov, Hilferding, Barsov and others, and their national tales by Sakharov, Afanasiev and Erlenvein. Kotliarevskiy, Tereshenko and others have treated of their customs and superstitions. S. See also:

• STANISLAUS

We meet with some good mathematicians, See also:

• LOBACHEVSKIY, NICOLAS IVANOVICH (1793-1856)

We must also mention V. Briusov and K. Sluchevskiy, Mme. Gippius-Merezhkovskaya and Mme. Myrrha Lokhvitskaya. Excellent historical novels have been written by Merezhkovskiy (See also:

• MEREJKOVSKY (or MEREZHKOVSKIY), DMITRI SERGYEEVICH (1865– )

His valuable History of Russia must now remain a torso only, the first See also:

• VOLUME

The See also:

• CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

Platonov published a History of the Insurrections in Russia in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. He holds entirely new views on the oprichina, the famous bodyguard of Ivan the Terrible. Professor B. Kliuchevskiy, of the university of Moscow, published in 1883 a valuable book on the Russian Duma, as the privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

The Little Russian is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

No one has described with greater vigour than Shevchenko the old days of the See also:

• UKRAINE (" frontier ")

Like the Croat Preradovie, he began See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

No less than ten draft See also:

• TREATIES

Further, See also:

• DRAGOMIROV, MICHAEL IVANOVICH (1830-1905)

See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Makarov, however, crossed it without See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

Opposite to them they found a large Russian force of all arms. The Russian commanders, at this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

It was much the same on land. Kuropatkin, who had taken command of the army, saw from the first that he would have Karp- to gain three months, and disposed his forces as they patkin's came on the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

Forethought was still busy when, in accordance with instructions from Tokio, Kuroki on the 3oth of April ordered the attack to begin at daybreak on the 1st of May. For several See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

After a rather ineffective See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

The serious fact was that they had been beaten. The general See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Still See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)