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time at St Petersburg, he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement till induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, he again betook himself to See also:

LITERARY

literary See also:

WORK

work. In 1789 he resolved to travel, and visited See also:

Germany, See also:

France, See also:

SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and See also:

England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, which met with See also:

GREAT

great success. These letters were first printed in the Moscow See also:

Journal, which he edited, but were after-wards collected and issued in six volumes (1797–1801). In the same periodical Karamzin also published See also:

TRANSLATIONS

translations of some of the tales of See also:

MARMONTEL, JEAN FRANCOIS (1723-1799)

Marmontel, and some See also:

ORIGINAL

original stories, among which may be mentioned Poor Liza and Natalia the See also:

BOYAR (Russ. boyarin, plur. boyare)

Boyar's Daughter. In 1794 and 1795 Karamzin abandoned his literary journal, and published a See also:

MISCELLANY

miscellany in,two volumes, entitled Aglaia, in which appeared, among other things, " The See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island of See also:

BORNHOLM

Bornholm " and " Ilia Mourometz," a See also:

story based upon the adventures of the well-known See also:

hero of many a Russian See also:

LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend. In 1797–1799 he issued another miscellany or poetical See also:

ALMANAC

almanac, The Aonides, in See also:

con-junction with Derzhavin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled The See also:

PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the See also:

WORKS

works of the most celebrated authors See also:

ancient and See also:

MODERN

modern, translated into Russian.

Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a See also:

VOLUME

volume entitled My Trifles. In 18o2 and 1803 Karamzin edited the journal the See also:

EUROPEAN

European Messenger. It was not until after the publication of this work that he realized where his strength See also:

lay, and commenced his See also:

HISTORY

History of the Russian See also:

EMPIRE

Empire. In See also:

order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years; and, on the cause of his retirement becoming known to the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

Alexander, Karamzin was invited to See also:

TVER

Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. In 1816 he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his See also:

LIFE

life, enjoying the favour of Alexander, and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Tzarskoe Selo. He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the See also:

ELEVENTH

eleventh volume, terminating it at the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

Michael See also:

ROMANOV

Romanov in 1613. He died on the 22nd of May (old style) 1826, in the See also:

TAURIDA

Taurida palace. A See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845. As a.n. historian Karamzin has deservedly a very high reputation. Till the See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of his work little had been done in this direction in See also:

Russia. The preceding See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt of Tatistchev was merely a rough See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch, inelegant in style, and without the true spirit of See also:

criticism. Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of curious See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information.

The style of his history is elegant and flowing, modelled rather upon the easy sentences of the See also:

French See also:

PROSE

prose writers than the See also:

long periodical paragraphs of the old See also:

SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic school. Perhaps Karamzin may justly be censured for the false See also:

GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss and romantic See also:

air thrown over the See also:

early Russian See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals, concealing the coarseness and See also:

CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty of the native See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners; in this respect he reminds us of See also:

Sir See also:

Walter See also:

Scott, whose writings were at this time creating a great sensation throughout See also:

EUROPE

Europe, and probably had their See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon him. Karamzin appears openly as the panegyrist of the See also:

AUTOCRACY (Gr. abroepareca, absolute power)

autocracy; indeed, his work has been styled the " Epic of Despotism." He does not hesitate to avow his admiration of See also:

IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan the Terrible, and considers him and his grandfather Ivan III. as the builders up of Russian greatness, a See also:

GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory which in his earlier writings, perhaps at that time more under the influence of Western ideas, he had assigned to See also:

Peter the Great In the See also:

BATTLE

battle-pieces (e.g. the description of the See also:

field of Koulikovo, the taking of Kazan, &c.) we find considerable See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of description; and the characters of many of the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief personages in the Russian annals are See also:

DRAWN

drawn in See also:

FIRM

firm and bold lines. As a critic Karamzin was of great service to his See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review and See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay (in the Western style) among the Russians.

End of Article: KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH (1765-1826)

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