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See also:WALTER, See also:HUBERT (d. 1205) , See also:chief See also:justiciar of See also:England and See also:archbishop of See also:Canterbury, was a relative of Ranulf de See also:Glanvill, the See also:great justiciar of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry II., and See also:rose under the See also:eye of his kinsman to an important position in the See also:Curia Regis. In 1184 and in 1185 he appears as a See also:baron of the See also:exchequer. He was employed, sometimes as a negotiator, sometimes as a See also:justice, sometimes as a royal secretary. He received no clerical See also:pro-See also:motion from Henry II., but See also:Richard I. appointed him See also:bishop of See also:Salisbury, and by Richard's command he went with the third crusade to the See also:Holy See also:Land. He gained the respect of all the crusaders, and acted as Richard's See also:principal See also:agent in all negotiations with See also:Saladin, being given a See also:place in the first See also:band of pilgrims that entered See also:Jerusalem. He led the See also:English See also:army back to England after Richard's departure from See also:Palestine; but in See also:Sicily he heard of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's captivity, and hurried to join him in See also:Germany. In 1193 he returned to England to raise the king's See also:ransom. Soon afterwards he was elected archbishop of Canter-See also:bury and made justiciar. He was very successful in the See also:government of the See also:kingdom, and after Richard's last visit he was practically the ruler of England. He had no See also:light task to keep See also:pace with the king's See also:constant demand for See also:money. He was compelled to See also:work the administrative machinery to its utmost, and indeed. to invent new methods of See also:extortion. To pay for Richard's ransom, he had already been compelled to tax See also:personal See also:property, the first instance of such See also:taxation for See also:secular purposes. The See also:main feature of all his See also:measures was the novel and extended use of See also:representation and See also:election for all the purposes of government. His chief measures are contained in his instruction to the itinerant justices of 1194 and 1198, in his See also:ordinance of 1195 for the conservation of the See also:peace, and in his See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of 1198 for the See also:assessment of the carucage. The justices of 1194 were to See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order the election of four coroners by the suitors of each See also:county See also:court. These new See also:officers were to " keep," i.e. to See also:register, the pleas of the See also:crown, an important See also:duty hitherto See also:left to the See also:sheriff. The juries, both for answering the questions asked by the See also:judges andfor trying cases under the See also:grand See also:assize, were to be chosen by a See also:committee of four knights, also elected by the suitors of each county court for that purpose. In 1195 Hubert issued an ordinance by which four knights were to be appointed in every See also:hundred to See also:act as guardians of the peace, and from this humble beginning eventually was evolved the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of justice of the peace. His reliance upon the knights, or See also:middle-class land-owners, who now for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time appear in the See also:political fore-ground, is all the more interesting because it is this class who, either as members of See also:parliament or justices of the peace, were to have the effective See also:rule of England in their hands for so many centuries. In 1198, to satisfy the king's demand for money, Hubert demanded a carucage or plough-tax of five shillings on every plough-land (See also:carucate) under cultivation. This was the old tax, the See also:Danegeld, in a new and heavier See also:form and there was great difficulty in levying it. To make it easier, the justiciar ordered the assessment to be made by a sworn See also:jury in every hundred, and one may reasonably conjecture that these jurors were also elected. Besides these important constitutional changes Hubert negotiated a peace with See also:Scotland in 1195, and in 1197 another with the Welsh. But Richard had grown dissatisfied with him, for the carucage had not been a success, and Hubert had failed to overcome the resistance of the Great See also:Council when its members refused to equip a force of knights to serve abroad. In 1198 Hubert, who had inherited from his predecessors in the primacy a fierce See also:quarrel with the Canterbury monks, gave these enemies an opportunity of complaining to the See also:pope, for in arresting the See also:London See also:demagogue, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Fitz Osbert, he had committed an act of See also:sacrilege in See also:Bow See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, which belonged to the monks. The pope asked Richard to See also:free Hubert from all secular duties, and he did so, thus making the demand an excuse for dismissing Hubert from the justiciarship. On the 27th of May 1199 Hubert crowned See also:John, making a speech in which the old theory of election by the See also:people was enunciated for the last time. He also took the office of See also:chancellor and cheerfully worked under See also:Geoffrey Fitz See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, one of his former subordinates. In 1201 he went on a See also:diplomatic See also:mission to See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Augustus of See also:France, and in 1202 he returned to England to keep the kingdom in peace while John was losing his See also:continental possessions. In 1205 he died. Hubert was an ingenious, See also:original and industrious public servant, but he was grasping and perhaps dishonest.
See W. See also:Stubbs, Constitutional See also:History, vol. i. (1897) ; See also:Miss K. Norgate's England under the Angevin See also:Kings, vol. ii. (1887); W. Stubbs, See also:preface to vol. iv. of See also:Roger of Hoveden's See also:Chronicle (" Rolls" See also:series, 1868-1871).
End of Article: WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
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