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See also:POPE (Gr. irarraas, See also:post-classical See also:Lat. papa, See also:father) , an
ecclesiastical See also:title now used exclusively to designate the See also:head
of the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. In the 4th and 5th
Names and centuries it was frequently used in the See also:West of any Y
See also:bishop (Du Cange, s.v.); but it gradually came to be reserved to the bishop of See also:Rome, becoming his See also:official title. In the See also:East, on the other See also:hand, only the bishop of See also:Alexandria seems to have used it as a title; but as a popular See also:term it was applied to priests, and at the See also:present See also:day, in the See also:Greek Church and in See also:Russia, all the priests are called Pappas, which is also translated " pope." Even in the See also:case of the See also:sovereign pontiff the word pope is officially only used as a less See also:solemn See also:style: though the See also:ordinary See also:signature and heading of briefs is, e.g. " See also:Pius P.P.X.," the signature of bulls is " Pius episcopas ecclesiae catholicae," and the heading, " Pius episcopus, serous servorum Dei," this latter See also:formula going back to the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of St See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory the See also:Great. Other styles met with in official documents are See also:Pontifex, Summus pontifex, See also:Romanus pontifex, Sanctissimus, Sanctissimus See also:pater, Sanctissimus See also:dominus nester, Sanctitas sua, Beatissimus pater, Beatitudo sua; while the pope is addressed in speaking as " Sanctitas vestra," or " Beatissime pater." In the See also:middle ages is also found " Dominus apostolicus " (cf. still, in the litanies of the See also:saints), or simply " Apostolicus."
The pope is pre-eminently, as successor of St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter, bishop of Rome. Writers are fond of viewing him as representing various all the degrees of the ecclesiastical See also:hierarchy; they Degrees say that he is bishop of Rome, See also:metropolitan of the ofJuris- Roman See also:province, See also:primate of See also:Italy, See also:patriarch of the
diction, western Church and head of the universal Church. This is strictly correct, but, with the exception of the first and last, these titles are seldom to be found in documents. And if these terms were intended to indicate so many degrees in the exercise of See also:jurisdiction they would not be correct. As a See also:matter of fact, from the earliest centuries (cf. can. 6 of See also:Nicaea, in 325), we see that the popes exercised a See also:special metropolitan jurisdiction not only over the bishops nearest to Rome, the future See also:cardinal bishops, but also over all those of central and See also:southern Italy, including See also:Sicily (cf. See also:Duchesne, Origines du culte, ch. 1), all of whom received their ordination at his hands. See also:Northern Italy and the See also:rest of the western Church, still more the eastern Church, did not depend upon him so closely for their See also:administration. His See also:influence was exercised, however, not only in dogmatic questions but in matters of discipline, by means of appeals, petitions and consultations, not to mention spontaneous intervention. This See also:state of affairs was defined and See also:developed in the course of centuries, till it produced the present state of centralization, according to a See also:law which can equally be observed in other See also:societies. In practice the different degrees of jurisdiction, as represented in the pope, are of no importance: he is bishop of Rome and governs his See also:diocese by See also:direct episcopal -authority; he is also the head of the Church, and in this capacity governs all the dioceses, though the See also:regular authority of each bishop in his own diocese is also ordinary and immediate, i.e. he is not a See also:mere See also:vicar of the pope.
But the mode of exercise of a See also:power and its intensity are subject to variation, while the power remains essentially the Primacy. same. This is the case with the power of the pope
and his primacy, the exercise and manifestation of which have been continually developing. This primacy, a primacy of See also:honour and jurisdiction, involving the plenitude of power over the teaching, the See also:worship, the discipline and administration of the Church, is received by the pope as See also:part of the See also:succession of St Peter, together with the episcopate of Rome. The whole episcopal See also:body, with the pope at its head, should be considered as succeeding to the apostolic See also:college,presided over by St Peter; and the head of it, now as then, as personally invested with all the See also:powers enjoyed by the whole body, including the head. Hence the pope, as supreme in matters of See also:doctrine, possesses the same authority and the same in-fallibility as the whole Church; as legislator and See also:judge he possesses the same power as the episcopal body gathered around and with him in See also:oecumenical See also:council. Such are the two essential prerogatives of the papal primacy: See also:infallibility in his supreme pronouncements in matters of doctrine (see INFALLIBILITY); and immediate and sovereign jurisdiction, under all its aspects, over all the pastors and the faithful. These two privileges, having been claimed and enjoyed by the popes in the course of centuries, were solemnly defined at the Vatican Council by the constitution " Pastor aeternus" of the 18th of See also:July 187o. The two See also:principal passages in it are the following. (1) In the matter of jurisdiction: " If any one say that the Roman Pontiff has an See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office merely of inspection and direction, and not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church, not only in matters of faith and morals, but also as regards discipline and the See also:government of the Church scattered through-out the whole See also:world; or that he has only the principal portion and not the plenitude of that supreme power; or that his power is not ordinary and immediate, as much over each and every church as over each and every pastor and believer: See also:anathema sit." (2) In the matter of infallibility: " We See also:decree that when the Roman Pontiff speaks ex cathedra, that is to say, when, in his capacity as Pastor and See also:Doctor of all Christians he defines, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, a certain doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he enjoys, by the divine assistance promised to him in the Blessed Peter, that infallibility with which the divine Redeemer has thought See also:good to endow His Church in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to define its doctrine in matters of faith and morals; consequently, these See also:definitions of the Roman Pontiff are irreformable in themselves and not in consequence of the consent of the Church."
For the See also:history of the papacy, and associated questions, see PAPACY, See also:CONCLAVE, See also:CURIA See also:ROMANA, CARDINAL, &C.
The ordinary See also:costume of the pope is similar to that of the other See also:clergy and bishops, but See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white in See also:colour; his shoes alone are different, being See also:low open shoes, red in colour, with a See also:cross embroidered on the front; these are what are called the " mules," a substitute for the compagi of See also:ancient times, formerly reserved to the pope and his clergy (cf. Duchesne, op. cit. ch. 11, 6). Over this costume the pope wears, on less solemn occasions, the See also:lace See also:rochet and the red mozetta, bordered with See also:ermine, or the camauro, similar to the mozetta, but with the addition of a See also:hood, and over all the See also:stole embroidered with his arms. The pope's liturgical costume consists, in the first See also:place, of all the elements comprising that of the bishops: stockings and sandals, See also:amice, See also:alb, cincture, See also:tunicle and See also:dalmatic, stole, See also:ring, gloves, See also:chasuble or See also:cope, the latter, however, with a See also:morse ornamented with See also:precious stones, and for head-See also:dress the See also:mitre (see See also:VESTMENTS). The See also:tiara (q.v.), the pontifical head-dress, is not used strictly speaking in the course of the liturgical functions, but only for processions. To these vestments or insignia the pope adds: the falda, a See also:kind of See also:long skirt trailing on the ground all See also:round, which the chaplains hold up while he is walking. Over the chasuble he wears the fanone (see AMICE); and after that the See also:pallium (q.v.). He is preceded by the papal cross, carried with the crucifix turned towards him. When going to solemn ceremonies he is carried on the sedia, a portable See also:chair of red See also:velvet with a high back, and escorted by two flobelli of See also:peacock feathers. The papal See also:mass, now rarely celebrated, has preserved more faithfully the ancient liturgical usages of the 8th and 9th centuries.
End of Article: POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
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