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SOCIETIES, LEARNED

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Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 309 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED . Under See also:ACADEMIES will be found a See also:general See also:account of the See also:principal bodies of which that word forms See also:part of the titles, usually denoting some See also:kind of See also:state support or patronage. But that account excludes a number of important scientific, archaeological, and See also:literary societies, chiefly founded and carried on by private collective effort. Most of the institutions hereinafter mentioned are still flourishing. See also:Fine See also:art societies are not included. In their See also:modern See also:form learned and literary societies have their -origin in the See also:Italian academies of the See also:Renaissance: private scientific societies arose chiefly during the 19th See also:century, being due to the See also:necessity of increased organization of knowledge and the See also:desire among scholars for a See also:common ground to meet, compare results, and collect facts for future generalization. These bodies rapidly tend to increase in number and to become more and more specialized, and it has been necessary to systematize and co-See also:ordinate their scattered See also:work. Many efforts have been made from See also:time to time to tabulate and analyse the literature published in their proceedings, as, for instance, in the Repertorium of See also:Reuss (1801–1821) and the See also:Catalogue of Scientific Papers of the Royal Society (1867–1902) for physics and natural See also:science, with its subject indexes and the indexes of See also:Walther (1845) and Koner (1852–1856) for See also:German See also:historical societies. A more See also:recent example may be found in G. L. Gomme's See also:Index of Archaeological Papers (1907).. A further development of the work done by societies was made in 1822, when, chiefly owing to See also:Humboldt, the Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher and Arzte first met at See also:Leipzig.

This inauguration of the See also:

system of See also:national congresses was followed in 1831 by the See also:British Association for the See also:Advancement of Science, which has served as the See also:model for similar societies in See also:France, See also:America, See also:Italy, See also:Australia and See also:South See also:Africa. The merit of introducing the See also:idea of migratory congresses into France is due to the distinguished archaeologist, M. Arcisse de Caumont (1802–1873), who established the Association Normande, which from" 1845 held a See also:reunion in one or other of the towns of the See also:province for the discussion of matters See also:relating to See also:history, See also:archaeology, science and See also:agriculture, with See also:local exhibitions. From the same See also:initiation came the Congres Archeologique de France (1834), which was organized by the Societe Francaise pour la Conservation See also:des Monuments Historiques, the Congres Scientifique, which held its first See also:meeting at See also:Caen in 1833 (directed by the Institut des Provinces), and the Congres des Societes Savantes des Depa.rte ments, which for many years after 185o held its See also:annual sittings at See also:Paris. The idea received the See also:sanction of the See also:French See also:government in 1861, when 'a Congres des Societes Savantes was first convoked at the See also:Sorbonne by the See also:minister of public instruction, who had in 1846 produced an Annuaire des Societes Savantes. In Italy See also:Charles See also:Bonaparte, See also:prince of Canino, started an association with like See also:objects, which held its first meeting at See also:Pisa in 1839. See also:Russia has had an itinerant gathering of naturalists since 1867. See also:International meetings are a natural growth from national congresses. Two remarkable examples of these See also:cosmopolitan societies are the Congres International d'Archeologie et d'Anthropologie Prehistoriques, founded at Spezzia in 1865, and the Congres International des Orientalistes (1873). I.

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