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See also:GLOSS, GLOSSARY , &c. The See also:Greek word y)vwo•Era (whence our " gloss "), meaning originally a See also:tongue, then a See also:language or See also:dialect, gradually came to denote any obsolete,See also:foreign, provincial, technical or otherwise See also:peculiar word or use of a word (see Arist. Rhet. iii. 3. 2). The making of collections and explanations' of such yXiaao•at was at a comparatively See also:early date a well-recognized See also:form of See also:literary activity. Even in the 5th See also:century B.e., among the many writings of See also:Abdera was included a See also:treatise entitled IIepi `O n pov bp9oeireLrs Kai yXwcr r&ov. It was not, however, until the Alexandrian See also:period that the ''Xw000ypb.¢ot, glossographers (writers of glosses), or glossators, became numerous. Of many of these perhaps even the names have perished; but See also:Athenaeus the grammarian alone (c. A.U. 250) alludes to no fewer than See also:thirty-five. Among the earliest was See also:Philetas of See also:Cos (d. c. 290 B.C.), the elegiac poet, to whom See also:Aristarchus dedicated the treatise IIpds 4 Xlrrdv; he was the compiler of a lexicographical See also:work, arranged probably according to subjects, and entitled "Amara or Py&xrQat (sometimes "AraKrot 'y vat). Next came his See also:disciple See also:Zenodotus of See also:Ephesus (c. 28o B.C.), one of the earliest of the Homeric critics and the compiler of Pkc"oao-ac `OµriptKai; Zenodotus in turn was succeeded by his greater See also:pupil See also:Aristophanes of See also:Byzantium (c. 200 B.C.), whose See also:great compilation HepI ? ewv (still partially preserved in that of See also:Pollux), is known to have included 'Arrucai AEtes, AaKwvtKa1 yXGWO'at, and the like. From the school of Aristophanes issued more than one glossographer of name,—Diodorus, See also:Artemidorus (Pkwvvat, and a collection of ).Stets b%liaprurtKal), See also:Nicander of See also:Colophon (Pxwvvat, of which some twenty-six fragments still survive), and Aristarchus (c. 210 B.C.), the famous critic, whose numerous labours included an arrangement of the Homeric vocabulary (Wets) in the See also:order of the books. Contemporary with the last named was See also:Crates of Mallus, who, besides making some new contributions to Greek lexicography and dialectology, was the first to create at See also:Rome a See also:taste for similar investigations in connexion with the Latin idioms. From his school proceeded Zenodotus of Mallus, the compiler of 'Ethnical Wets or 'yW.'aaarat, a work said to have been designed chiefly to support the views of the school of See also:Pergamum as to the allegorical See also:interpretation of See also:Homer? Of later date were See also:Didymus (Chalcenterus, c. 50 B.C.), who made collections of M ets rpaywbovµiaat KwµtKai, &c.; See also:Apollonius Sophista (c. 20 B.C.), whose Homeric See also:Lexicon has come down to See also:modern times; and See also:Neoptolemus, known distinctively as b y)^wu oyp64os. In the beginning of the 1st century of the See also:Christian era See also:Apion, a grammarian and rhetorician at Rome during the reigns of Tiberius and See also:Claudius, followed up the labours of Aristarchus and other predecessors with Pkwvvat 'OµriptKai, and a treatise Heist riis `PwµaIKris StaXEKrov; See also:Heliodorus or Herodorus was another almost contemporary glossographer; Erotian also, during the reign of See also:Nero, prepared a See also:special glossary for the writings of See also:Hippocrates, still preserved. To this period also See also:Pamphilus, the author of the Aetµwv, from which Diogenian and See also:Julius Vestinus afterwards See also:drew so largely, most probably belonged. In the following century one of the most prominent workers in this See also:department of literature was Aelius See also:Herodianus, whose treatise Hepi µoviipovs See also:Wear has been edited in modern times, and whose 'Eatµepwisoi we still possess in an abridgment; also Pollux, Diogenian (AE is ravroSair ), Julius Vestinus ('Fimroµr} riov Haµ4LAov 'yXwvawv) and especially Phrynichus, who flourished towards the See also:close of the 2nd century, and whose Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum has frequently been edited. To the 4th century belongs Ammonius of See also:Alexandria (c. 389), who wrote Hepi 5µolwv Kai See also:Star/xbpwv M ewv, a See also:dictionary of words used in senses different from those in which they had
1 The See also:history of the literary gloss in its proper sense has given rise to the See also:common See also:English use of the word to mean an interpretation, especially in a disingenuous, sinister or false way; the form " gloze," more particularly associated with explaining away, palliating or talking speciously, is simply an alternative spelling. The word has thus to some extent influenced, or been influenced by, the meaning of the etymologically different " gloss "=lustrous See also:surface (from the same See also:root as " See also:glass "; cf. " glow "), in its extended sense of " out-See also: 12; Const. See also:Tanta, sec. 21), yet indices (1v&&Kes) and references (rapine). a), as well as See also:translations (e'pµrlveiat Kara ir66a) and paraphrases (iplsrlveiac eis srXaros), were expressly permitted, and lavishly produced. Among the numerous compilers of alphabetically arranged M ets `PwµaiKai or Aareevtsai, and yXuwvac voµeaai (glossae nomicae), Cyril and Philoxenus are particularly noted; but the authors of irapaypa¢ai, or mlµeuor€ s, whether g eseev or gamBev sei4sevat, are too numerous to mention. A collection of these aapaypadai riav Irakau"ov, combined with vial irapaypac6al on the revised See also:code called ra aviweca, was made about the See also:middle of the 12th century by a disciple of See also:Michael Hagiotheodorita. This work is known as the Glossa ordinaria rcwv j3au tec7m.i In See also:Italy also, during the period of the See also:Byzantine ascendancy, various glossae (glosae) and scholia on the Justinian code were produced 2; particularly the See also:Turin gloss (reprinted by See also:Savigny), to which, apart from later additions, a date See also:prior to Iwo is usually assigned. After the See also:total extinction of the Byzantine authority in the See also:West the study of law became one of the See also:free arts, and numerous See also:schools for its cultivation were instituted. Among the earliest of these was that of See also:Bologna, where Pepo (1075) and See also:Irnerius (I1oo—1118) began to give their expositions. They had a numerous following, who, besides delivering exegetical lectures (" ordinariae " on the See also:Digest and Code, " extraordinariae " on the See also:rest of the Corpus See also:juris See also:civilis), also wrote Glossae, first interlinear, afterwards marginal? The See also:series of these glossators was closed by See also:Accursius (q.v.) with the compilation known as the Glossa ordinaria or magistralis, the authority of which soon became very great, so that ultimately it came to be a recognized See also:maxim, " Quod non agnoscit glossa, non agnoscit See also:curia."* For some See also:account of the glossators on See also:tree, See also:canon law, see CANON LAW. In See also:late classical and See also:medieval Latin, glosa was the vulgar and romanic (e.g. in the early 8th century Corpus Glossary, and the late 8th century See also:Leiden Glossary), glossa the learned form (See also:Varro, De See also:ling. See also:Lat. vii. 1o; Auson. Epigr. 127. 2 (86. 2), written in Greek, Quint. i. 1. 34). The diminutive glossula occurs in Diom. 426. 26 and elsewhere. The same meaning has glossarium (See also:Gell. xviii. 7. 3 glosaria=yXwvvapwv), which also occurs in the modern sense of " glossary " (See also:Papias, " unde glossarium dictum quod omnium fere partium glossas contineat "), as do the words glossa, glossae, glossulae, glossemata (Steinmeyer, Alth. Gloss. iv. 408, 410), expressed in later times by dictionarium, dictionarius, vocabularium, vocabularius (see DICTIONARY). Glossa and i See Labbe, Veteres glossae verborum juris quae passim in Basilicis reperiuntur (1606); See also:Otto, See also:Thesaurus juris Romani, iii. (1697); See also:Stephens, Thesaurus linguae Graecae, viii. (1825). 2 See Biener, Geschichte der Novellen, p. 229 sqq, 3 Irnerius himself is with some See also:probability believed to have been the author of the See also:Brachylogus (q.v.). * Thus Fil. See also:Villani (De origin civitatis Florentiae, ed. 1847, p. 23), speaking of the Glossator Accursius, says of the Glossae that " tantae auctoritatis gratiaeque fuere, ut omnium consensu publice approbarentur, et reiectis aliis, quibuscumque penitus abolitis, solae juxta textum legum adpositae sunt et ubique terrarum sine controvaraia See also:pro legibus celebrantur, ita ut nefas sit, non secus quam testui, Glossis Accursii contraire." For similar testimonies see 8yle's Dictiennaire, s.v. " Accursius," and Rudorff, Rom. Rechts-,e. chichte, i. 338 (1857).glossema (Varro vii. 34. 107; Asinius See also:Gallus, ap. See also:Suet. De gramm. 22; Fest. 166 b. 8, 181 a. 18; Quint. i. 8. 15, &c.) are synonyms, signifying (a) the word which requires explanation; or (b) such a word (called lemma) together with the interpretation (interpretamentum); or (c) the interpretation alone (so first in the Anecd. Helv.). Latin, like Greek glossography, had its origin chiefly in the See also:practical wants of students and teachers, of whose names we only know a few. No doubt even in classical times collections of glosses (" glossaries ") were compiled, to which allusion seems to be made by Varro (De ling. Lat. vii. 1o, " testa, aiunt sancta esse qui glossas scripserunt ") and Verrius-See also:Festus (166 b. 6, " naucum ... glossematorum . . . scriptores fabae grani quod haereat in fabulo "), but it is not known to what extent Varro, for instance, used them, or retained their See also:original forms. The scriptores glossematorum were distinguished from the learned glossographers like Aurelius Opilius (cf. his Musae, ap. Suet. De gramm. 6; Gell. i. 25. 17; Varro vii. 50, 65, 67, 70, 79, 1o6), Servius See also:Clodius (Varro vii. 70. 106), Aelius Stilo, L. Ateius Philol., whose See also:liber glossematorum Festus mentions (181 18). Verrius See also:Flaccus and his epitomists, Festus and See also:Paulus, have preserved many treasures of early glossographers who are now lost to us. He copied Aelius Stilo (Reitzenstein, ' Verr. Forsch.," in vol. i. of Breslauer philol. Abhandl., p. 88; Kriegshammer, See also:Comm. Phil. len. vii. I. 74 sqq.), Aurelius Opilius, Ateius Philol., the treatise De obscuris Catonis (Reitzenstein, ib. 56. 92). He often made use of Varro (Willers, De Verrio Flacco, See also:Halle, 1898), though not of his ling. lat. (Kriegshammer, 74 sqq.) ; and was also acquainted with later glossographers. Perhaps we owe to him the glossae See also:asbestos See also:Goetz, Corpus, iv.; id., Rhein. See also:Mus. xl. 328). Festus was used by s.-Philoxenus (Dammann, " De Festo Ps.-Philoxeni auctore, by Comm. len. v. 26 sqq.), as appears from the glossae ab absens (Goetz, " De Astrabae Pl. fragmentis," Ind. Ien., 1893, iii. sqq.). The distinct connexions with Nonius need not be ascribed to borrowing, as Plinius and See also:Caper may have been used (P. See also:Schmidt, De Non. Marc. auctt. gramm. 145; See also:Nettleship, Lect. and See also:Ess. 229; Frohde, De Non. Marc. et Verrio Flacco, 2; W. M. See also:Lindsay, " Non. Marc.," Dict. of Repub. Latin, too, &c.). The bilingual (Gr.-Lat., Lat.-Gr.) glossaries also point to an early period, and were used by the grammarians (I) to explain the peculiarities (idiomata) of the Latin language by comparison with the Greek, and (2) for instruction in the two See also:languages (Charis. 254. 9, 291. 7, 292. 16 sqq. ; Marschall, De Q. Remmii P. libris gramm. 22 ; Goetz, Corp. gloss. lat. ii. 6). For the purposesof grammatical instruction (Greek for the See also:Romans, Latin for the Hellenistic See also:world), we have systematic works, a See also:translation of Dositheus and the so-called See also:Hermeneutics, parts of which may be dated as early as the 3rd century A.D., and lexica (cf. Schoenemann, De lexicts See also:ant. 122 ; Knaack, in Phil. Rundsch., 1884, 372; Traube, in Byzant. Ztschr. iii. 605; See also:David, Comment. len. v. 197 sqq.). The most important remains of bilingual glossaries are two well-known lexica; one (Latin-Greek), formerly attributed (but wrongly, see Rudorff, in Abh. Akad. Berl., 1865, 220 sq.; Loewe, Prodr. 183, 190; See also:Mommsen, C.I.L. v. 812o; A. Dammann, De Festo Pseudophiloxeni auctore, 12 sqq.; Goetz, Corp. ii. 1-212) to Philoxenus (See also:consul A.D. 525), clearly consists of two closely allied glossaries (containing glosses to Latin authors, as See also:Horace, See also:Cicero, See also:Juvenal, See also:Virgil, the Jurists, and excerpts from Festus), worked into one by some Greek grammarian, or a See also:person who worked under Greek See also:influence (his See also:alphabet runs A, B, G, D, E, &c.); the other (Greek-Latin) is ascribed to Cyril (Stephanus says it was found at the end of some of his writings), and is considered to be a compilation of not later than the 6th century (See also:Macrobius is used, and the See also:Cod. Hari., which is the source of all the other See also:MSS., belongs to the 7th century) ; cf. Goetz, Corp. ii. 215-483, 487-506, praef. ibid. p. xx. sqq. Furthermore, the bilingual medico-botanic glossaries had their origin in old lists of See also:plants, as Ps.-See also:Apuleius in the treatise De herbarum virtutibus, and Ps.-Dioscorides (cf. M. Wellmann, See also:Hermes, xxxiii. 36o sqq., who thinks that the latter work is based on Pamphilus, q.v.; Goetz, Corp. Hi.); the glossary, entitled Hermeneuma, printed from the Cod. Vatic. reg. See also:Christ. 126o, contains names of diseases. Just as See also:grammar See also:developed, so we see the original form of the glosses extend. If masuucum edacem in Placidus indicates the original form, the allied gloss of Festus (masucium edacem a mandendo scilicet) shows an etymological addition. Another See also:extension consists in adding special references to the original source, as e.g. at the gloss Ocrem (Fest. 181a. 17), which is taken from Ateius Philol. In this way collections arose like the priscorum verborum cum exemplis, a See also:title given by Fest. (218'. to) to a particular work. Further the glossae veterum (Charis. 242. Io) ; the glossae antiquitatum (id. 229. 30) ; the idonei vocum antiquarum enarratores (Gell. xviii. 6. 8) ; the libri rerum verborumque veterum (id. xiii. 24. 25). L. Cincius, according to Festus (33ob. 2), wrote De verbis priscis; Santra, De antiquitate verborum (Festus 277'. 2). Of Latin glossaries of the first four centuries of the See also:Roman emperors few traces are See also:left, if we except Verrius-Festus. Charis, 229. 30, speaks of glossae antiquitatum and 242. to of glossae veterum, but it is not known whether these glosses are identic, or in what relation they stand to the glossemata per litteras Latinas ordine composita, which were incorporated with the works of this grammarian according to the See also:index in Keil, p. 6. Latin glosses occur in Ps.-Philoxenus, and Nonius must have used Latin glossaries; there exists a glossarium Plautinum (See also:Ritschl, Op. ii. 234 sqq.), and the bilingual glossaries have been used by the later grammarian Martyrius; but of this early period we know by name only See also:Fulgentius and Placidus, who is sometimes called Luctatius Placidus, by confusion with the See also:Statius scholiast, with whom the glossae Placidi have no connexion. All that we know of him tends to show that he lived in See also:North See also:Africa (like Fulgentius and Nonius and perhaps See also:Charisius) in the 6th century, from whence his glosses came to See also:Spain, and were used by Isidore and the compiler of the Liber glossarum (see below). These glosses we know from (I) Codices Romani (15th and 16th century); (2) the Liber glossarum; (3) the Cod. See also:Paris. nov. acquis. 1298 (saec. xi.), a collection of glossaries, in which the Placidusglosses are kept See also:separate from the others, and still retain traces of their original order (cf. the See also:editions published by A. See also:Mai, Class. acct. iii. 427-503, and Deuerling, 1875; Goetz, Corp. v.; P. Karl, " De Placidi glossis," Comm. len. vii. 2.. 99, 103 sqq. ; Loewe, Gloss. Nom. 86; F. See also:Bucheler, in Thesaur. gloss. emend.). His collection includes glosses from See also:Plautus and See also:Lucilius. (See also:Fabius Planciades) Fulgentius (c. A.D. 468-533) wrote Expositio sermonum antiquorum (ed. Rud. Helm, Lips. 1898 ; cf. Wessner, Comment. len. vi. 2. 135 sqq.) in sixty-two paragraphs, each containing a lemma (sometimes two or three) with an explanation giving quotations and names of authors. Next to him come the glossae Nonianae, which arose from the contents of the various paragraphs in NoniusMarcellus' work being written in the margin without the words of the See also:text; these epitomized glosses were alphabetized and afterwards copied for other collections (see Goetz, Corp. v. 637 sqq'., id. v. Praef. See also:xxxv. ; Onions and Lindsay, Harvard See also:Stud. ix. 67 sqq.; Lindsay, Nonii praef. xxi.). In a similar way arose the glossae Eucherii or glossae spiritales secundum Eucherium episcopuns found in many MSS. (cf. K. Wotke, Site. See also:Bet.. Akad. Wien, 'cxv. 425 sqq. ; =the Corpus Glossary, first See also:part), which are an alphabetical See also:extract from the formulae spiritalis intelligenliae of St Eucherius, See also:bishop of See also:Lyons, c. 434–450.1 Other See also:sources were the Differentiae, already known to Placidus and much used in the medieval glossaries; and the Synonyma Ciceronis; cf. Goetz, " Der Liber glossarum," in Abhandl. der philol.-hist. Cl. der See also:sachs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., 1893, p. 215; id. in Berl. philol. Wochenschr., 1890, p. 195 sqq. ; See also:Beck, in Wochenschr., p. 297 sqq., and Sittis, ibid. p. 267; Archiv f. lat. Lex. vi. 594; W. L. Mahne, (Leid. 185o, 1851); also various collections of scholia. By the See also:side of the scholiasts come the grammarians, as Charisius, or an al.'s similar to that ascribed to him; further, See also:treatises de dubiis generibus, the scriptores orthographici (especially Caper and Beda), and Priscianus, the See also:chief grammarian of the middle ages (cf. Goetz in Melanges See also:Boissier, 224). During the 6th, 7th and 8th centuries glossography developed in various ways; old glossaries were worked up into new forms, or amalgamated with more See also:recent ones. It ceased, moreover, to be exclusively Latin-Latin, and interpretations in Germanic (Old High See also:German, Anglo-Saxon) and Romanic dialects took the See also:place of or were used side by side with earlier Latin ones. The origin and development of the late classic and medieval glossaries preserved 1 The so-called Malberg glosses, found in various texts of the Lex Salica, are not glosses in the See also:ordinary sense of the word, but See also:precious remains of the See also:parent of the See also:present literary Dutch, namely, the See also:Low German dialect spoken by the Salian See also:Franks who conquered See also:Gaul from the Romans at the end of the 5th century. It is supposed that the conquerors brought their Frankish law with them, either written down, or by oral tradition; that they translated it into Latin for the See also:sake of the Romans settled in the See also:country, and that the translators, not always knowing a proper Latin See also:equivalent for certain things or actions, retained in their translations the Frankish technical names or phrases which they had attempted to translate into Latin. E.g. in See also:chapter ii., by the side of " porcellus lactans" (a sucking-See also:pig), we find the Frankish " chramnechaltio," lit. a stye-porker. The person who See also:stole such a pig (still kept in an enclosed place, in a stye) was fined three times as much as one who stole a " porcellus de See also:cam po qui sine matre vivere possit," as the Latin text has it, for which the Malberg technical expression appears to have been ingymus, that is;-a one See also:year (See also:winter) old See also:animal, i.e. a yearling. Nearly all these glosses are preceded by " mal " or " malb," which is thought to be a contraction for " malberg," the Frankish for " See also:forum." The antiquity and importance of these glosses for See also:philology may be realized from the fact that the Latin translation of the Lex Salica probably See also:dates from the latter end of the 5th century. For further See also:information. cf. Jac. See also:Grimm's See also:preface to Joh. Merkel's ed. (185o), and H. See also:Kern's notes to J. H. Hessels's ed. (See also:London, 1880) of the Lex Salica.to us can be traced with certainty. While See also:reading the, See also:manuscript texts of classical authors, the See also:Bible or early Christian and profane writers, students and teachers, on See also:meeting with any obscure or out-of-the-way words which they considered difficult to remember or to require elucidation, wrote above them, or in the margins, interpretations or explanations in more easy or better-known words. The interpretations written above the See also:line are called " interlinear," those written in the margins of the MSS: " marginal glosses." Again, MSS. of the Bible or portions of the Bible were often provided with literal translations in the See also:vernacular written above the lines of the Latin version (interlinear versions). Of such glossed MSS. or translated texts, photographs may be seen in the various palaeographical works published in recent years; cf. The Palaeogr. Society, 1st See also:ser. vol. ii. pls. 9 (Terentius MS. of 4th or 5th century, interlinear glosses) and 24 (See also:Augustine's epistles, 6th or 7th century, marginal glosses); see further, plates lo, 12, 33, 40, 50-54, 57, 58, 63, 73, 75, 8o; vol. iii. plates 1o, 24, 31, 39, 44, 54, 80. From these glossed or annotated MSS. and interlinear versions glossaries were compiled; that is, the obscure and difficult Latin words, together with the interpretations, were excerpted and collected in separate lists, in the order in which they appeared, one after the other, in the MSS., without any alphabetical arrangement, but with the names of the authors or the titles of the books whence they were taken, placed at the See also:head of each separate collection or chapter. In this arrangement each article by itself is called a gloss; when reference is made only to the word explained it is called the lemma, while the explanation is termed the interpretamentum. In most cases the form of the lemma was retained just as it stood in its source, and explained by a single word (testa: sancta, Varro vii. to; clucidatus: suavis, id. vii. 107; cf. Isid. Etym. i. 30. 1, quid enim illud sit in uno verb() positum declarat [scil. glossa] ut conticescere est tacere "), so that we meet with lemmata in the See also:accusative, See also:dative and genitive, likewise explained by words in the same cases; the forms of verbs being treated in the same way. Of this first See also:stage in the making of glossaries, many traces are
preserved, for instance, in the late 8th century Leiden Glossary (See also:Voss. 69, ed. J. H. Hessels), where chapter iii. contains words or glosses excerpted from the See also:Life of St See also: Landgraf, in See also:Arch. ix. 174). By a second operation the glosses came to be arranged in alphabetical order according to the first See also:letter of the lemma, but still retained in separate chapters under the names of authors or the titles of books. Of this second stage the Leiden Glossary contains traces also: ch. i. (Verba de Canonibus) and ii. (Sermons de Regulis); see Goetz, Corp. v. 529 sqq. (from Terentius), iv. 427 sqq. (Virgil). The third operation collected all the accessible glosses in alphabetical order, in the first instance according to the first letters of the lemmata. In this arrangement the names of the authors or the titles of the books could no longer be preserved, and consequently the sources whence the glosses were excerpted became uncertain, especially if the grammatical forms of the lemmata had been normalized. A See also:fourth arrangement collected the glosses according to the first two letters of the lemmata, as in the Corpus Glossary and in the still earlier Cod. Vat. 33321 (Goetz, Corp. iv. I sqq.), ,where even many attempts were made to arrange them according- to the first three letters of the alphabet. A peculiar arrangement is seen in the Glossae affatim (Goetz, Corp. iv. 471 sqq.), where all words are alphabetized, first according to the initial letter of the word (a, b, c, &c.), and then further according to the first vowel in the word (a, ei,ou) No date or period can be assigned to any of the above stages or arrangements. For instance, the first and second are both found in the Leiden Glossary, which dates from the end of the 8th century, whereas the Corpus Glossary, written in the beginning of the same century, represents already the fourth stage. For the purpose of See also:identification titles have of late years been From to the various nameless collections of glosses, derived partly from their first lemma, partly from other characteristics, as glossae abstrusae; glossae abavus See also:major and See also:minor; g. affatim; g. ab absens; g. abactor; g. Abba See also:Pater; g. a, a; g. Vergilianae; g. rtominum (Goetz, Corp. ii. 563, i'v.); g. Sangallenses (See also:Warren, Transact. Amer. Philol. Assoc. xv., 1885, p. 141 sqq.).
A chief landmark in glossography is represented by the Origines (Etymologiae) of Isidore (d. 636), an encyclopedia in which he, like Cassiodorus, mixed human and divine subjects together. In many places we can trace his sources, but he also used glossaries. His work became a great mine for later glossographers. In the tenth See also:book he deals with the See also:etymology of many substantives and adjectives arranged alphabetically according to the first letter of the words, perhaps by himself from various sources. His See also:principal source is Servius, then the fathers of the See also: Many quotations from the Catholicon in Du Cange are really from Hugucio, and may be traced to Osbern. There exist many MSS. of this work, and the See also:Mainz edition of 146o is well known (cf. Goetz in Berichte See also:lib. See also:die Verhandl. der kon. sachs. Gesellsch. der Wiss., See also:Leipzig, 1902). The gloss MSS. of the 9th and loth centuries are numerous, but a diminution becomes visible towards the I ith. We then find grammatical treatises arise, for which also glossaries were used. The chief material was (I) the Liber glossarum; (2) the Paulus glosses; (3) the Abavus major; (4) excerpts from See also:Priscian and glosses to Priscian; (5) Hebrew-biblical collections of proper names (chiefly from Jerome). After these comes medieval material, as the derivationes which are found in many MSS. (cf. Goetz in Sitzungsber. sacks. Ges. d. Wiss., 1903, p. 136 sqq. ; Traube in Archiv f. lat. Lex. vi. 264), containing quotations from Plautus, Ovid, Juvenal, See also:Persius, See also:Terence, occasion-ally from Priscian, See also:Eutyches, and other grammarians, with etymological explanations. . These derivationes were the basis for the grammatical works of Osbern, Hugucio and Joannes of Janua.
A peculiar feature of the late middle ages are the medico-botanic glossaries based on the earlier ones (see Goetz, Corp. iii.). The additions consisted in Arabic words with Latin explanations, while Greek, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic, interchange with English, See also:French, See also:Italian and German forms. Of glossaries of this kind we have (I) the Glossae alphita (published by S. de Renzi in the 3rd vol. of the Collect. Salernitana, See also:Naples, 1854, from two Paris MSS. of the 14th and 15th centuries, but some of the glosses occur already in earlier MSS.); (2) Sinonoma Bartholomei, collected by See also: See also:Mowat (Anecd. Oxon. i. 1, 1882, cf. Loewe, Gloss. Nom. 116 sqq.); it seems to have used the same or some similar source as No. I ; (3) the compilations of See also:Simon de Janua (See also:Clovis sanationis, end of 13th century), and of Matthaeus Silvaticus (Pandectae medicinae, 14th century; cf. H. Stadler, " Dioscor. Longob." in Roman. Forsch. x. 3. 371; Steinmeyer, Althochd. Gloss. iii.). Of biblical glossaries we have a large number, mostly mixed with glosses on other, even profane, subjects, as Hebrew and other biblical proper names, and explanations of the text of the Vulgate in See also:general, and the prologues of Hieronymus. So we have the Glossae veteris ac novi testamenti (beginning " Prologus graece latine praelocutio sive praefatio ") in numerous MSS. of the 9th to 14th centuries, mostly retaining the various books under separate headings (cf. Arevalo, Isid. vii. 407 sqq. ; Loewe, Prodr. 141; Steinmeyer V. 459; S. Berger, De cornpendiis exegeticis quibusdam medii aevi, Paris, 1879). Special mention should be made of Guil. Brito, who lived about 1250, and compiled a Summa (beginning "difficiles studeo partes quas Biblia gestat Pandere ") , contained in many MSS. especially in French See also:libraries. This Summa gave rise to the Mammotrectus of Joh. Marchesinus, about 1300, of which we have editions printed in 1470, 1476, 1479, &c. Finally we may mention such compilations as the Summa Heinrici ; theworkof Johannes de Garlandia, which he himself calls dictionarius (cf. See also:Scheler in Jahrb. f. rom. u. engl. Philol. vi., 1865, p. 142 sqq.) ; and that of Alexander See also:Neckam (ib. vii. p. 6o sqq.), cf. R. See also:Ellis, in Amer. Journ. of Phil. x. 2) ; which are, strictly speaking, not glossographic. The Breviloquus drew its chief material from Papias, Hugucio; Brito, &c. (K. See also:Hamann, Mitteil. aus dem Breviloquus Benthemianus, See also:Hamburg, 1879; id., Weitere Mitteil., &c., Hamburg, 1882); so also the Vocabularium Ex quo; the various Gemmae; Vocabularia rerum (cf. Diefenbach, Glossar. Latino-Germanicum).
After the revival of learning, J. See also:Scaliger (1540—1609) was the first to impart to glossaries that importance which they deserve (cf. Goetz, in Sitzungsber. sachs. Ger. d. Wiss., 1888, p. 219 sqq.), and in his edition of Festus made great use of Ps.-Philoxenus, which enabled 0. See also: 589 sqq. ; id. in Sitzungsber. sacks. Ges., 1888, p. 224 sqq. ; Loewe, Prodr. 23 sqq.), which occurs also in old glossaries, clearly in reference to the tenth book of the Etymologiae. The study of glosses spread through the publication, in 1573, of the bilingual glossaries by H. Stephanus (See also:Estienne), containing, besides the two great glossaries, also the Hermeneumata Stephani, which is a recension of the Ps.-Dositheana (republished Goetz, Corp. iii. 438-474), and the glossae Stephani, excerpted from a collection of the Hermeneumata (ib. iii. 438-474). In i600 Bonay. Vulcanius republished the same glossaries, addin (I) the, glossae Isidori, which now appeared for the first See also:time; (2 the Onomasticon; (3) notae and castigat'ones, derived from Scaliger (Loewe, Prodr. 183). In 1606 Carolus and Petrus Labbaeus published, with the effective i A,pglo-$4xon scholars ascribe an earlier date to the text of the help of Scaliger, another collection of glossaries, republished, in 1679 MS. Ob. account of certain archaisms in its Anglo-Saxon words. by Du Cange, after which the 17th and 18th centuries produced no Lactantius) and Donatus the grammarian. This tenth book was also copied and used separately, and mixed up with other works (cf. Loewe, Prodr. 167. 21). Isidore's Differentiae have.also had a great reputation. Next comes the Liber glossarum, chiefly compiled from Isidore, but all articles arranged alphabetically; its author lived in Spain C. A.D. 690—750; he has been called Ansileubus, but not in any of the MSS., some of which belong to the 8th century; hence this name is suspected to be merely that of some owner of a copy of the book (cf. Goetz, " Der Liber Glossarum," in Abhandl. der philol.-hist. Class. der kon. sacks. Ges. xiii., 1893; id., Corp. v., praef. xx. 161). Here come, in regard to time, some Latin glossaries already largely mixed with Germanic, more especially Anglo-Saxon interpretations: (i) the Corpus Glossary (ed. J. H. Hessels), written in the beginning of the 8th century, preserved in the library of Corpus Christi See also:College, See also:Cambridge; (2) the Leiden Glossary (end of 8th century, ed. Hessels; another edition by Plac. Glogger), preserved in the Leiden MS. Voss. Q0. 69; (3) the Epinal Glossary, written in the beginning of the 9th century' and published in facsimile by the London Philol. Society from a MS. in the See also:town library at Epinal; (4) the Glossae Amplonianae, i.e. three glossaries preserved in the Amplonian library at See also:Erfurt, known as Erfurt', Erfurt' and Erfurt3. The first, published by Goetz (Corp. v. 337-401; cf. also Loewe, Prodr. 114 sqq.) with the various readings of the kindred Epinal, consists, like the latter, of different collections of glosses (also some from See also:Aldhelm), some arranged alphabetically according to the first letter of the lemma, others according to the first two letters. The title of Erfurt' (incipit II. conscriptio glosarum in unam) shows that it is also a See also:combination of various glossaries; it is arranged alphabetically according to the first two letters of the lemmata, and contains the affatim and abavus major glosses, also a collection from Aldhelm; Erfurt' are the Glossae nominum, mixed also with Anglo-Saxon interpretations (Goetz, Corp. ii. 563). The form in which the three Erfurt glossaries have come down to us points back to the 8th century.
The first great glossary or collection of various glosses and glossaries is that of Salomon, bishop of See also:Constance, formerly See also: Its sources are the Liber glossarum (Loewe, Prodr. 234 sqq.), the glossary preserved in the 9th-century MS. Lat. Monac. 14429 (Goetz, " Lib. Gloss." 35 sqq.), and the great Abavus Gloss (id., ibid. p. 37; id., Corp. iv. praef. See also:xxxvii.). The Lib. glossarum has also been the chief source.for the important (but not original) glossary of Papias, of A.D. 1053 (cf. Goetz in Sitz. Ber. Akad. Munch., 1903, p. 267 sqq., who enumerates eighty-seven MSS. of the 12th tothe 15th centuries), of whom we only know that he lived among clerics and dedicated his work to his two sons. An edition of it was published at See also:Milan " per Dominicum de Vespolate " on the 12th of See also:December 1476; other editions followed in 1485, 1491, 1496 (at See also:Venice). He also wrote a grammar, chiefly compiled from Priscianus (See also:Hagen, Anecd. Helv. clxxix. sqq.).
The same Lib. gloss. is the source (1) for the Abba Pater Glossary (cf. Goetz, ibid. p. 39), published by G. M. See also: Munch., 1868, it. 369 sqq.) ; (2) the Greek glossary Absida lucida (Goetz, ib. p. 41) ; and (3) the Lat.-Arab. glossary in the Cod. Leid. See also:Seal. Orient. No. 231 (published by Seybold in Semit. Studien, Heft xv.-xvii., See also:Berlin, 1900). The Paulus-Glossary (cf. Goetz, " Der Liber Glossarum," p. 215) is compiled from the second Salomon-Glossary (abacti magistratus), the Abavus major and the Liber glossarum, with a mixture of Hebraica. Many of his glosses appear again in other compilations, as in the Cod. Vatic. 1469 (cf. Goetz, Corp. v. 520 sqq.), mixed up with glosses from Beda, Placidus, &c. (cf. a glossary published by Ellis in Amer. Journ. of Philol. vi. 4, vii. 3, containing besides Paulus glosses, also excerpts from Isidore; Cambridge Journ. of Philol. viii. 71 sqq., xiv. 8.1 sqq.). Osbern of See also:Gloucester (c. 1123—1200) compiled the glossary entitled Panormia (published by Angelo Mai as Thesaurus novus Latinitatis, from Cod. Vatic. reg. Christ. 1392; cf. W. See also:Meyer, Rhein. Illus. See also:xxix., 1874; Goetz in Sitzungsber. sachs. Ges. d. Wiss., 1903, p. 133 sqq.; Berichte die Verhandl. der lean. sachs. Gesellsch. der Wiss., Leipzig, 1902); giving derivations, etymologies, testimonia collected from Paulus, Priscianus, Plautus, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Mart. See also:Capella, Macrobius, Ambrose, Sidonius, See also:Prudentius; See also:Josephus, Jerome, &c., &c. Osbern's material was also used by Hugucio, whose compendium was still more extensively used (cf. Goetz, l.c., p. 121 sqq., who enumerates one See also:hundred and three MSS. of his treatise), and contains many biblical glosses, especially Hebraica, some treatises on Latin numerals, &c. (cf. Hamann, Weitere Mitteil. aus dem Breviloquus Benthemianus, Hamburg, 1882; A. Thomas, " Glosses provencales fined." in Romania, xxxiv. p. 177 sqq; P. See also:Toynbee, ibid. xxv. p. 537 sqq.). The great work of Johannes de Janua, entitled Summa quae vocatur catholicon, dates from the year 1286, and treats of (I) See also:accent, (2) etymology, (3) syntax, and (4) so-called See also:prosody, i.e. a lexicon, further glossaries (Erasm. Nyerup published extracts from the Leiden Glossary, Voss. 69, in 1787, Symbolae ad Literal. Teut.), though glosses were constantly used or referred to by See also:Salmasius, See also:Meursius, Heraldus, See also:Barth, See also:Fabricius and Burman at Leiden, where a See also:rich collection of glossaries had been obtained by the acquisition of the See also:Vossius library (cf. Loewe, Prodr. 168). In the 19th century came Osann's Glossarii See also:Latini specimen (1826); the glossographic publications of Angelo Mai (Classici auctores, vols. iii., vi., See also:v11., viii., Rome, 1831–1836, containing Osbern's Panormia, Placidus and various glosses from Vatican MSS.); Fr. See also:Oehler's treatise (1847) on the Cod. Amplonianus of Osbern, and his edition of the three Erfurt glossaries, so important for Anglo-Saxon philology; in 1854 G. F. See also:Hildebrand's Glossarium Latinum (an extract from Abavus minor), preserved in a Cod. Paris. lat. 7690; 1857, Thomas See also:Wright's vol. of Anglo-Saxon glosses, which were republished with others in 1884 by R. See also:Paul Wiilcker under the title Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies (London, 2 vols., 1857) ; L. Diefenbach's supplement to Du Cange, entitled Glossarium Latino-Germanicum mediae et infimae aetatis, containing mostly glosses collected from glossaries, vocabularies, &c., enumerated in the preface; Ritschl's treatise (187o) on Placidus, which called forth an edition (1875) of Placidus by Deuerling; G. Loewe's Prodromus (1876), and other treatises by him, published after his See also:death by G. Goetz (Leipzig, 1884) ; 1888, the second See also:volume of Goetz's own great Corpus glossariorum Latinorum, of which seven volumes (except the first) had seen the See also:light by 1907, the last two being separately entitled Thesaurus glossarum emendatarum, containing many emendations and corrections of earlier glossaries by the author and other scholars; 1900, See also:Arthur S. See also:Napier, Old English Glosses (See also:Oxford), collected chiefly from Aldhelm MSS., but also from Augustine, See also:Avianus, Beda, Boethius, Gregory, Isidore, See also:Juvencus, Phocas, Prudentius, &c: There are a very great number of glossaries still in MS. scattered in various libraries of See also:Europe, especially in the Vatican, at See also:Monte Cassino, Paris, See also:Munich, See also:Bern, the See also:British Museum, Leiden, Oxford, Cambridge, &c. Much has already been done to make the material contained in these MSS. accessible in See also:print, and much may yet be done with what is still unpublished, though we may find that the See also:differences between the glossaries which often present themselves at first sight are See also:mere differences in form introduced by successive more or less qualified copyists. Some See also:Celtic (See also:Breton, Cornish, Welsh, Irish) glossaries have been preserved to us, the particulars of which may be learnt from the publications of Whitley See also:Stokes, See also:Sir John Rhys, Kuno Meyer, L. C. Stern, G. I. See also:Ascoli, Heinr. Zimmer, See also:Ernst Windisch, See also:Nigra, and many others; these are published separately as books or in Zeuss's Grammatica Celtica, A. Kiihn's Beitrage zur vergleich. Sprachforschung, Zeitschr. See also:fur celtische Philologie, Archiv fur Celtische Lexicographie, the Revue celtique, Transactions of the London Philological Society, &c. The first Hebrew author known to have used glosses was R. Gershom of See also:Metz (woo) in his commentaries on the See also:Talmud. But he and other Hebrew writers after him mostly used the Old French language (though sometimes also Italian, See also:Slavonic, German) of which an example has been published by See also:Lambert and Brandin, in their Glossa ire hebreu frangais du X11I' siecle: recueil de mots hebreux bibliques avec traduction francaise (Paris, 1905). Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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