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ERFURT , a See also:city of See also:Germany, in Prussian See also:Saxony, on the See also:Gera, and the railway See also:Halle-Bebra, about midway between See also:Gotha and See also:Weimar, which are 14 M. distant. Pop. (1875) 48,025; (1905) 100,065. The city, which is dominated on the
See also:west by the two citadels of Pet ersbergand Cyriaxburg,is irregularly built, the only feature in its See also:plan, or want of plan, being the See also:Friedrich Wilhelmsplatz, a broad open space of irregular shape abutting on the Petersberg. On the See also:south-western See also:side of this square, which contains a See also:monument to the elector See also:Frederick See also:Charles See also:Joseph of See also:Mainz (1719-1802), is the Domberg, an See also:eminence on which stand, side -by side, the See also:cathedral and the See also:great See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:Severus with its three See also:spires (14th See also:century). The churches are approached by a See also:flight of See also:forty-eight See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone steps, the grouping of the whole See also:mass of buildings being exceedingly impressive. The cathedral (Beatae Mariae Virginis) is one of the finest churches in Germany. It was begun in the 12th century, but the See also:nave was rebuilt in the 13th in the See also:Gothic See also:style. The magnificent See also:chancel (1349-1372), with the 14th-century See also:crypt below, rests on massive substructures, known as the Cavate. The twin towers are set between the chancel and nave. The cathedral contains, besides See also:fine 15th-century See also:glass, some very See also:rich portal sculptures and See also:bronze castings, among others the See also:coronation of the Virgin by See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter See also:Vischer. In one of its towers is the famous See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell, called Maria See also:Gloriosa, which bears the date 1497, and weighs 270 cwt. Besides the cathedral and St Severus, which are See also:Roman See also:Catholic, Erfurt possesses several very interesting See also:medieval churches, now Evangelical. Among these may be mentioned the Predigerkirche, dating from the latter See also:half of the 12th century; the Reglerkirche, a Romanesque See also:building (restored in 1859) with a r2th-century See also:tower; and the Barfiisserkirche, a Gothic building containing fine 14th-century monuments. All these were originally monastic churches. Of the former religious houses there survive a Franciscan See also:convent, with a girls' school attached, and an Ursuline convent. The Augustinian monastery, in which See also:Luther lived as a See also:friar, is now used as an orphanage, under the name of the Martinsstift. The See also:cell of Luther was destroyed by See also:fire in 1872. A bronze statue of the reformer was erected in the Anger, the See also:chief See also:street of the See also:town, in 1890. At one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time Erfurt had a university, of which the See also:charter dated from 1392; but it was suppressed in ,816, and its funds devoted to other purposes, among these being the endowment of an institution founded in 1758 and now called the royal See also:academy of sciences, and the support of the royal library, which now contains 6o,000 volumes and over l000 See also:manuscripts. On the W. and S.W. extensive new quarters have grown up within See also:recent years, e.g. Hirschbruhl. The interior of the town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall (1869-1875) is adorned with legendary and See also:historical frescoes by Kampfer and Peter See also:Janssen. Erfurt possesses also a picture See also:gallery and an antiquarian collection.
The educational establishments of the town include a gymnasium, a realgymnasium, a realschule, technical See also:schools for building and handicrafts, a high-class commercial school, a school of See also:agriculture, and an academy of See also:music. The most notable See also:industry of Erfurt is the culture of See also:flowers and of vegetables, which is very extensively carried on. This industry had its origin in the large gardens attached to the monasteries. It has also important and growing manufactures of ladies' mantles, boots and shoes, See also:machines, See also:furniture, woollen goods, musical See also:instruments, agricultural machinery and implements, See also:leather, See also:tobacco, chemicals, &c. See also:Brewing, See also:bleaching and See also:dyeing are also carried on on a large See also:scale, and there are extensive railway See also:works and a See also:government See also:rifle factory.
Erfurt (Med. Erpesfurt, Erphorde, See also:Lat. Erfordia) is a town of great antiquity. Its origin is obscure, but in 741 it was sufficiently important for St See also:Boniface to found a bishopric here, which was, however, after the martyrdom of the first See also:bishop, Adolar, in 755, reabsorbed in that of Mainz. In 8o5 the See also:place received certain See also:market rights from the See also:emperor See also:Charlemagne. Later the overlordship was claimed by the archbishops of Mainz, on the strength of charters granted by the emperor See also:Otto I., and their authority in Erfurt was maintained by a See also:burgrave and an advocatus, the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of the latter becoming in the 12th century hereditary in the See also:family of the See also:counts of See also:Gleichen. In spite of many vicissitudes (from 11o9 to 1137, for instance, the town was subject to the landgraves of Thuringia), and of a charter granted in 1242 by the emperor Frederick II., the archbishops succeededin upholding their claims. In 1255, however, See also:Archbishop See also:Gerhard I. had to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant the city municipal rights, the burgraviate disappeared, and Erfurt became practically a See also:free town. Its See also:power was at its height See also:early in the 15th century, when it joined the Hanseatic See also:League. It had acquired by force or See also:purchase various countships and other fiefs in the neighbourhood; and ruled a considerable territory; and its See also:wealth was so great that in 1378 it established a university, the first in See also:Europe that em-braced the four faculties. By the end of the century, however, its prosperity had sunk owing to the perpetual See also:feud with Mainz, the internecine See also:war in Saxony, and the consequent dwindling of See also:trade. By the See also:convention of Amorbach in 1483 the over-lordship of Erfurt was ultimately transferred by the See also:electors of Mainz to Saxony. The See also:political and religious quarrels of the 16th century still further depressed the city, in which the reformed See also:religion was established in 1521. Then came the See also:Thirty Years' War, during which Erfurt was for a while occupied by the Swedes. After the See also:peace of See also:Westphalia (1648) the city was assigned by the emperor to the elector of Mainz, and, on its refusal to submit, it was placed under the See also:ban of the See also:Empire (166o). In 1664 it was captured by the troops of the archbishop of Mainz, and remained in the See also:possession of the electorate till 1802, when it came into the possession of See also:Prussia. In 18o8 it was the See also:scene of the memorable ' interview between See also:Napoleon and the emperor See also:Alexander I. of See also:Russia, at which the See also:kings of See also:Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia and See also:Wurttemberg also assisted, which is known as the See also:congress of Erfurt. Here in 185o the See also:parliament of the See also:short-lived Prussian See also:Northern See also:Union (known as the Erfurt parliament) held its sittings. In 1902 the tooth anniversary of the city's See also:incorporation with Prussia was celebrated.
See W. J. A. von Tettau, Erfurt in seiner Vergangenheit and Gegenwart (Erfurt, r88o) ; C. Beyer, Geschichte der Stadt Erfurt (Erfurt, 190o); and F. W. Kampschulte, See also:Die Universildt Erfurt in ihrem Verh(ltnisse zu dem Humanismus and der See also:Reformation (1856-1858). For a detailed bibliography see U. See also:Chevalier, Repertoire See also:des See also:sources. Topo-bibliographie (Montebeliard, 1894--1899), S.V.
End of Article: ERFURT
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