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FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 216 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— ) , See also:German theologian, was See also:born at Poxdorf in Upper See also:Franconia on the 5th of May 1836, and was educated at See also:Bamberg and at See also:Munich, where in 1865 he was appointed See also:professor extraordinary of See also:theology. In 1869 he went to the Vatican See also:Council as secretary to See also:Cardinal See also:Hohenlohe, and took an active See also:part in opposing the See also:dogma of papal See also:infallibility, notably by supplying the opposition bishops with See also:historical and theological material. He See also:left See also:Rome before the council closed. " No German ecclesiastic of his See also:age appears to have won for himself so unusual a repute as a theologian and to have held so important a position, as the trusted counsellor of the leading German cardinal at the Vatican Council. The path was fairly open before him to the highest See also:advancement in the See also:Church of Rome, yet he deliberately sacrificed all such hopes and placed himself in the See also:van of a hard and doubtful struggle" ( The See also:Guardian, 1872, p. 1004). See also:Sentence of See also:excommunication was passed on Friedrich in See also:April 1871, but he refused to acknowledge it and was upheld by the Bavarian See also:government. He continued to perform ecclesiastical functions and maintained his See also:academic position, becoming See also:ordinary professor in 1872. In 1882 he was transferred to the philosophical See also:faculty as professor of See also:history. By this See also:time he had to some extent withdrawn from the advanced position which he at first occupied in organizing the Old See also:Catholic Church, for he was not in agreement with its abolition of enforced See also:celibacy. Friedrich was a prolific writer; among his See also:chief See also:works are: Johann See also:Wessel (1862); See also:Die Lehre See also:des Johann IIus (1862); Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands (1867–1869); Tagebuch wahrend des Vatikan. Concils gefuhrt (1871); Zur Verteidigung meines Tagebuchs (1872); Beitrage zur Kirchengeschichte des 18ten Jahrh.

(1876); Geschichte des Vatikan. Konzils (1877—1886); Beitrage zur Gesch. des Jesuitenordens (1881) ; Das Papsttum (1892) ; I. v. Dellinger (1899—1901).

End of Article: FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

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