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HOHENLOHE

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 575 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HOHENLOHE , a See also:

German princely See also:family which took its name from the See also:district of Hohenlohe in See also:Franconia. At first a See also:count-See also:ship, its two branches were raised to the See also:rank of principalities of the See also:Empire in 1744 and 1764 respectively; in 18o6 they lost their See also:independence and their lands now See also:form See also:part of the kingdoms of See also:Bavaria and of See also:Wurttemberg. At the See also:time of the See also:mediatization the See also:area of Hohenlohe was 68o sq. m. and its estimated See also:population was 1o8,000. The family is first mentioned in the 12th See also:century as possessing the See also:castle of Hohenloch, or Hohenlohe, near Uffenheim, and its See also:influence was soon perceptible in several of the Franconian valleys, including those of the Kocher, the Jagst and the Tauber. See also:Henry I. (d. 1183) was the first to take the See also:title of count of Hohenlohe, and in 1230 his grandsons, Gottfried and See also:Conrad, supporters of the See also:emperor See also:Frederick II., founded the lines of Hohenlohe—Hohenlohe and Hohenlohe-Brauneck, names taken from their respective castles. The latter became See also:extinct in 1390, its lands passing later to See also:Brandenburg, while the former was divided into several branches, only two of which, however, Hohenlohe-Weikersheim and Hohenlohe-Uffenheim-Speckfeld, need be mentioned here. Hohenlohe-Weikersheim, descended from Count Kraft I. (d. 1313), also underwent several divisions, that which took See also:place after the deaths of See also:Counts See also:Albert and See also:George in 1551 being specially important. At this time the lines of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and Hohenlobe-See also:Waldenburg were founded by the sons of Count George.

Meanwhile, in 1412, the family of Hohenlohe-Uffenheim-Speckfeld had become extinct, and its lands had passed through the marriages of its heiresses into other families. The existing branches of the Hohenlohe family are descended from the lines of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, established in 1551. The former of these became See also:

Protestant, while the latter remained See also:Catholic. Of the family of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, which underwent several partitions and inherited See also:Gleichen in 1631, the See also:senior See also:line became extinctin 1805, while in 1701 the junior line divided itself into three branches, those of Langenburg, Ingelfingen and Kirchberg. Kirchberg died out in 1861, but members of the families of Hohenlobe-Langenburg and Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen are still alive, the latter being represented by the branches of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and Hohenlohe-Ohringen. The See also:Roman Catholic family of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg was soon divided into three branches, but two of these had died out by 1729. The surviving See also:branch, that of Schillingsfurst, was divided into the lines of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst and Hohenlohe-See also:Bartenstein; other divisions followed, and the four existing lines of this branch of the family are those of Waldenburg, Schillingsfurst, Jagstberg and Bartenstein. The family of Hohenlohe-SchillingsfUrst possesses the duchies of See also:Ratibor and of See also:Corbie inherited in 1824. The See also:principal members of the family are dealt with below. I. See also:FRIEDRICH See also:LUDWIG, See also:prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingeri (1746-1818), Prussian See also:general, was the eldest son of Prince Johann Friedrich (d. 1796) of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, and began his military career as a boy, serving against the Prussians in the last years of the Seven Years' See also:War.

Entering the Prussian See also:

army after the See also:peace (1768), he was on See also:account of his rank at once made See also:major, and in 1775 he became See also:lieutenant-See also:colonel; in 1778 he took part in the War of the Bavarian See also:Succession and about the same time was made a colonel. Shortly before the See also:death of Frederick the See also:Great he was promoted to the rank of major-general and appointed See also:chief of a See also:regiment. For some years the prince did See also:garrison See also:duty at See also:Breslau, until in 1791 he was made See also:governor of See also:Berlin. In 1794 he commanded a See also:corps in the Prussian army on the See also:Rhine and distinguished himself greatly in many engagements, particularly in the See also:battle of See also:Kaiserslautern on the loth of See also:September. He was at this time the most popular soldier in the Prussian army. See also:Blucher wrote of him that " he was a See also:leader of whom the Prussian army might well be proud." He succeeded his See also:father in the principality, and acquired additional lands by his See also:marriage with a daughter of Count von Hoym. In 18o6 Hohenlohe, now a general of See also:infantry, was appointed to command the See also:left-wing army of the Prussian forces opposing See also:Napoleon, having under him Prince See also:Louis See also:Ferdinand of See also:Prussia; but, feeling that his career had been that of a prince and not that of a scientific soldier, he allowed his quartermaster-general See also:Massenbach to influence him unduly. Disputes soon See also:broke out between Hohenlohe and the See also:commander-in-chief, the See also:duke of See also:Brunswick, the armies marched hither and thither without effective results, and finally Hohenlohe's army was almost destroyed by Napoleon at See also:Jena (see See also:NAPOLEONIC See also:CAMPAIGNS). The prince displayed his usual See also:personal bravery in the battle, and managed to rally a portion of his corps near See also:Erfurt, whence he retired into Prussia. But the pursuers followed him up closely, and, still acting under Massenbach's See also:advice, he surrendered the remnant of his army at See also:Prenzlau on the 28th of See also:October, a fortnight after Jena and three See also:weeks after the beginning of hostilities. Hohenlohe's former popularity and influence in the army had now the worst possible effect, for the commandants of garrisons everywhere lost See also:heart and followed his example. After two years spent as a prisoner of war in See also:France Hohenlohe retired to his estates, living in self-imposed obscurity until his death on the 15th of See also:February 1818.

He had, in See also:

August 18o6, just before the out-break of the See also:French War, resigned the principality to his eldest son, not being willing to become a " mediatized " ruler under Wurttemberg See also:suzerainty. II. LUDWIG ALOYSIUS, prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg= Bartenstein (1765-1829), See also:marshal and peer of France, was See also:born on the 18th of August 1765. In 1784 he entered the service of the See also:Palatinate, which he quitted in 1792 in See also:order to take the command of a regiment raised by his father for the service of the emigrant princes of France. He greatly distinguished himself under See also:Conde in the campaigns of 1792-1793, especially at the storming of the lines of See also:Weissenburg. Subsequently he entered the service of See also:Holland, and, when almost surrounded by the army of General See also:Pichegru, conducted a masterly See also:retreat from the See also:island of Bommel. From 1794 to 1799 he served as colonel in the See also:Austrian campaigns; in 1799 he was named major-general by the See also:archduke See also:Charles; and after obtaining the rank of lieutenant-general he was appointed by the emperor governor of the two Galicias. Napoleon offered to restore to him his principality on See also:condition that he adhered to the See also:con-federation of the Rhine, but as he refused, it was See also:united to Wurttemberg. After Napoleon's fall in 1814 he entered the French service, and in 1815 he held the command of a regiment raised by himself, with which he took part in the See also:Spanish See also:campaign of 1823. In 1827 he was created marshal and peer of France. He died at See also:Luneville on the 3oth of May 1829. IV.

KRAFT, prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (1827-1892), soldier and military writer, son of Prince Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (1797-1873), was born at Koschentin in Upper See also:

Silesia. He was a See also:nephew of the Prince Hohenlohe noticed above, who commanded the Prussians at Jena. Educated with great rigour, owing to the impoverishment of the family estates during the Napoleonic See also:wars, he was sent into the Prussian army, and commissioned to the See also:artillery at the least expensive See also:arm of the service. He joined the Prussian Guard artillery in 1845, and it was soon discovered that he had unusual aptitudes as an artillery officer. For a time his See also:brother See also:officers resented the presence of a prince, until it was found that he made no See also:attempt to use his social position to secure See also:advancement. After serving as a military attache in See also:Vienna and on the Transylvanian frontier during the See also:Crimean War, he was made a See also:captain on the general See also:staff, and in 1856 personal aide-de-See also:camp to the See also:king, remaining, however, in See also:close See also:touch with the artillery. In 1864, having become in the meanwhile successively major and lieut.-colonel, he resigned the staff appointments to become commander of the new Guard See also:Field Artillery regiment and in the following See also:year he became colonel. In 1866 he saw his first real active service. In the bold advance of the Guard corps on the Austrian right wing at See also:Koniggratz (see SEVEN WEEKS' WAR), he led the Guard reserve artillery with the greatest dash and success, and after the See also:short war ended he turned his energies, now fortified by experience, to the better See also:tactical training of the Prussian artillery. In 1868 he was made a major-general and assigned to command the Guard artillery See also:brigade. In this capacity he gained great distinction during the Franco-German war and especially at Graeelotte and See also:Sedan; he was in See also:control of the artillery attack on the fortifications of See also:Paris. In 1873 he was placed in command of an infantry See also:division, and three years later was promoted lieutenant-general.

He retired in 1879, was made general of infantry in 1883 and general of artilleryin 1889. His military writings were numerous, and amongst them several have become See also:

classics. These are Briefe caber Artillerie (Eng. trans. Letters on Artillery, 1887); Briefe fiber Strategie (1877; Eng. trans. Letters on See also:Strategy, 1898); and Gesprache fiber Reiterei (1887; Eng. trans. Conversations on See also:Cavalry). The Briefe fiber Infanterie and Briefe iiber Kavallerie (translated into See also:English, Letters on Infantry, Letters on Cavalry, 1889) are of less importance, though interesting as a reflection of prevailing German ideas. His See also:memoirs (Aus meinem Leben) were prepared in retirement near See also:Dresden, and the first See also:volume (1897) created such a sensation that eight years were allowed to elapse before the publication was continued. Prince Kraft died near Dresden on the 16th of See also:January 1892. (C. F. A.) V.

CHLODWIG KARL See also:

VICTOR, prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst (1819-1901), statesman, was born on the 31st of See also:March 1819 at Schillingsfurst in Bavaria. His father, Prince See also:Franz See also:Joseph (1787-1841), was a Catholic, his See also:mother, Princess Konstanze of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a Protestant. In accordance with the See also:compromise customary at the time, Prince Chlodwig and his See also:brothers were brought up in the See also:religion of their father, while his sisters followed that of their mother. In spite of the difference of creed the family was very united, and it was to the spirit that rendered this possible that the prince owed his liberal and tolerant point of view, which was to exercise an important influence on his politcal activity. As the younger son of a See also:cadet line of his See also:house it was necessary for Prince Chlodwig to follow a profession. For a while he thought of obtaining a See also:commission in the See also:British army through the influence of his aunt, Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (nee princess of See also:Leiningen), See also:Queen See also:Victoria's See also:half-See also:sister. He decided, however, to enter the Prussian See also:diplomatic service. His application to be excused the preliminary steps, which involved several years' See also:work in subordinate positions in the Prussian See also:civil service, was refused by Frederick See also:William IV., and the prince, with great See also:good sense, decided to See also:sacrifice his See also:pride of rank and to accept the king's conditions. As auscultator in the courts at See also:Coblenz he acquired a See also:taste for See also:jurisprudence, became a Referendar in September 1843, and after some months of travel in France, See also:Switzerland and See also:Italy went to See also:Potsdam as a civil servant (May 13, 1844). These See also:early years were invaluable, not only as giving him experience of See also:practical affairs but as affording him an insight into the strength and weakness of the Prussian See also:system. The immediate result was to confirm his Liberalism. The Prussian principle of " propagating enlightenment with a stick " did not See also:appeal to him; he " recognized the confusion and want of clear ideas in the highest circles," the tendency to make agreement with the views of the See also:government the test of See also:loyalty to the See also:state; and he noted in his See also:journal (See also:June 25, 1844) four years before the revolution of '48, " a slight cause and we shall have a rising." " The See also:free See also:press," he notes on another occasion, " is a See also:necessity, progress the condition of the existence of a state." If he was an ardent See also:advocate of German unity, and saw in Prussia the See also:instrument for its attainment, he was throughout opposed to the " Prussification " of See also:Germany, and ultimately it was he who made the unification of Germany possible by insisting at once on the principle of See also:union with the See also:North German states and at the same time on the preservation of the individuality of the states of the See also:South.

On the 12th of See also:

November 1834 the See also:landgrave Viktor Amadeus of See also:Hesse-Rotenburg died, leaving to his nephews, the princes Viktor and Chlodwig Hohenlohe, his allodial estates: the dncaly of Ratibor in Silesia, the principality of See also:Corvey in See also:Westphalia, and the lordship of Treffurt in the Prussian governmental district of Erfurt. On the death of Prince Franz Joseph on the 14th of January 1841 it was decided that the principality of Schillingsfurst should pass to the third brother, Philipp See also:Ernst, as the two See also:elder sons, Viktor and Chlodwig, were provided for already under their See also:uncle's will, the one with the duchy of Ratibor, the other with Corvey and Treffurt. The youngest son, Gustav (b. February 28, 1823), the future See also:cardinal, was destined for the See also:Church. On the death of Prince Philipp Ernst 574 (May 3, 1845) a new arrangement was made: Prince Chlodwig became prince of Schillingsftirst, while Corvey was assigned to the duke of Ratibor; Treffurt was subsequently sold by Prince Chlodwig, who See also:purchased with the See also:price large estates in See also:Posen. This involved a See also:complete See also:change in Prince Chlodwig's career. His new position as a " reigning " prince and hereditary member of the Bavarian Upper House was incompatible with that of a Prussian See also:official. On the 18th of See also:April 1846 he took his seat as a member of the Bavarian Reichsrath, and on the 26th of June received his formal See also:discharge from the Prussian service. See also:Save for the interlude of 1848 the See also:political See also:life of Prince Hohenlohe was for the next eighteen years not eventful. During the revolutionary years his sympathies were with the Liberal See also:idea of a united Germany, and he compromised his chances of favour from the king of Bavaria by accepting the task (November 1, 1848) of announcing to the courts of See also:Rome, See also:Florence and See also:Athens the See also:accession to See also:office of the Archduke See also:John of See also:Austria as See also:regent of Germany. But he was too shrewd an observer to See also:hope much from a See also:national See also:parliament which " wasted time in idle babble," or from a democratic victory which had stunned but not destroyed the German military See also:powers. On the 16th of February 1847 he had married the Princess See also:Marie of Sayn-See also:Wittgenstein-Berleburg, the heiress to vast estates in See also:Russia.' This led to a prolonged visit to Werki in Lithuania (1851-1853) in connexion with the management of the See also:property, a visit repeated in 186o.

In general this See also:

period of Hohenlohe's life was occupied in the management of his estates, in the sessions of the Bavarian Reichsrath and in travels. In 1856 he visited Rome, during which he noted the baneful influence of the See also:Jesuits. In 18J9 he was studying the political situation at Berlin, and in the same year he paid a visit to See also:England. The marriage of his brother Konstantin in 1859 to another princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg led also to frequent visits to Vienna. Thus Prince Hohenlohe was brought into close touch with all the most notable See also:people in See also:Europe. At the same time, during this period (1850-1866) he was endeavouring to get into relations with the Bavarian government, with a view to taking a more active part in affairs. Towards the German question his attitude at this time was tentative. He had little hope of a practical realization of a united Germany, and inclined towards the tripartite divisions under Austria, Prussia and Bavaria—the so-called " Trias." He attended the Furs/entag at See also:Frankfort in 1863, and in the See also:Schleswig-See also:Holstein question was a supporter of the prince of Augustenburg. It was at this time that, at the See also:request of Queen Victoria, he began to send her See also:regular reports on the political condition of Germany. Prince Hohenlohe's importance in See also:history, however, begins with the year 1866. In his See also:opinion the war was a blessing. It had demonstrated the insignificance of the small and See also:middle states, " a misfortune for the dynasties "—with whose feelings a mediatized prince could scarcely be expected to be oversympathetic—but the best possible good See also:fortune for the German nation.

In the Bavarian Reichsrath Hohenlohe now began to make his See also:

voice heard in favour of a closer union with Prussia; clearly, if such a union were desirable, he was the See also:man in every way best fitted to prepare the way for it. One of the 'See also:main obstacles in the way was the temperament of Louis II. of Bavaria, whose ideas of kingship were very remote from those of the Hohenzollerns, whose pride revolted from any concession to Prussian superiority, and who—even during the crisis of 1866—was more absorbed in operas than in affairs of state. Fortunately See also:Richard See also:Wagner was a politician as well as a composer, and equally fortunately Hohenlohe was a man of culture capable of appreciating " the See also:master's "See also:genius. It was Wagner, apparently, who persuaded the king to place Hohenlohe at the See also:head of his government (Denkwurdigkeiten, i. 178, 211), and on the 31st of See also:December i866 the prince was duly appointed See also:minister ' Through her mother, nee Princess Stephanie Radziwill (d. 1832). Before Prince Wittgenstein's death (1887) a new See also:law had forbidden foreigners to hold See also:land in Russia. Prince Hohenlohe appears, however, to have sold one of his wife's estates and to have secured certain privileges from the See also:Russian See also:court for the See also:rest.of the royal house and of See also:foreign affairs and See also:president of the See also:council of ministers. As head of the Bavarian government Hohenlohe's principal task was to discover some basis for an effective union of the South German states with the North German See also:Confederation, and during the three See also:critical years of his See also:tenure of office he was, next to See also:Bismarck, the most important statesman in Germany. He carried out the reorganization of the Bavarian army on the Prussian See also:model, brought about the military union of the See also:southern states, and took a leading See also:share in the creation of the customs parliament (Zollparlament), of which on the 28th of April 1868 he was elected a See also:vice-president. During the agitation that arose in connexion with the summoning of the Vatican council Hohenlohe took up an attitude of strong opposition to the ultramontane position. In See also:common with his brothers, the duke of Ratibor and the cardinal, he believed that the policy of See also:Pius IX.—inspired by the Jesuits (that " See also:devil's society," as he once called it)—of setting the Church in opposition to the See also:modern State would prove ruinous to both, and that the See also:definition of the See also:dogma of papal See also:infallibility, by raising the pronouncements of the See also:Syllabus of 1864 into articles of faith, would commit the Church to this policy irrevocably.

This view he embodied into a circular See also:

note to the Catholic powers (April 9, 1869), See also:drawn up by Dellinger, inviting them to exercise the right of sending ambassadors to the council and to combine to prevent the definition of the dogma. The greater powers, however, were for one See also:reason or another unwilling to intervene, and the only practical outcome of Hohenlohe's See also:action was that in Bavaria the powerful ultramontane party combined against him with the Bavarian " patriots " who accused him of bartering away Bavarian independence to Prussia. The See also:combination was too strong for him; a See also:bill which he brought in for curbing the influence of the Church over See also:education was defeated, the elections of 1869 went against him, and in spite of the continued support of the king he was forced to resign (March. 7, 1870). Though out of office, his personal influence continued very great both at See also:Munich and Berlin and had not a little to do with favourable terms of the treaty of the North German Confederation with Bavaria, which embodied his views, and with its See also:acceptance by the Bavarian parliament .2 Elected a member of the German Reichstag, he was on the 23rd of March 1871 chosen one of its vice-presidents, and was instrumental in See also:founding the new See also:groups which took the name of the Liberal Imperial party (Liberale Reichspartei), the See also:objects of which were to support the new empire, to secure its See also:internal development on Liberal lines, and to oppose clerical aggression as represented by the Catholic Centre. Like the duke of Ratibor, Hohenlohe was from the first a strenuous supporter of Bismarck's See also:anti-papal policy, the main lines of which (See also:prohibition of the Society of Jesus, &c.) he himself suggested. Though sympathizing with the motives of the Old Catholics, however, he realized that they were doomed to sink into a powerless See also:sect, and did not join them, believing that the only hope for a reform of the Church See also:lay in those who desired it remaining in her communion.3 In 1872 Bismarck proposed to appoint Cardinal Hohenlohe Prussian See also:envoy at the Vatican, but his views were too much in See also:harmony with those of his family, and the See also:pope refused to receive him in this capacity.4 In 1873 Bismarck See also:chose Prince Hohenlohe to succeed Count Harry See also:Arnim as See also:ambassador in Paris, where he remained for seven years. In 1878 he attended the See also:congress of Berlin as third German representative, and in 188o, on the death of See also:Bernhardt Ernst von Billow (October 20), secretary of state for foreign affairs, he was called to Berlin as temporary head of the Foreign Office and representative of Bismarck during his 2 Speech of December 3o, 187o, in the Reichsrath. Denkwurdigkeiten, ii. 36. " If I wished to leave the Church because of all the scandalous occurrences in the Catholic Church, I should have had to secede while studying Church history," op. cit. ii. 92.

4 Dr Johann Friedrich (q.v.), afterwards one of the Old Catholic leaders, was his secretary at the time of the Vatican council, and supplied See also:

historical and theological material to the opposition bishops. See also:absence through illness. In 1885 he was chosen to succeed See also:Manteuffel as governor of See also:Alsace-See also:Lorraine. In this capacity he had to carry out the coercive See also:measures introduced by the See also:chancellor in 1887-1888, though he largely disapproved of them;' his conciliatory disposition, however, did much to reconcile the Alsace-Lorrainers to German See also:rule. He remained at See also:Strassburg till October 1894, when, at the urgent request of the emperor, he consented, in spite of his advanced years, to accept the chancellorship in succession to Caprivi. The events of his chancellorship belong to the general history of Germany (q.v.); as regards the inner history of this time the editor of his memoirs has very properly suppressed the greater part of the detailed comments which the prince left behind him. In general, during his See also:term of office, the See also:personality of the chancellor was less conspicuous in public affairs than in the See also:case of either of his predecessors. His appearances in the Prussian and German parliaments were rare, and great independence was left to the secretaries of state. What influence the tact and experience of Hohenlohe exercised behind the scenes on the masterful will and impulsive See also:character of the emperor cannot as yet be generally known. Prince Hohenlohe resigned the chancellorship on the 17th of October 19oo, and died at Ragaz on the 6th of See also:July 1901. On the 16th of February 1897 he had celebrated his See also:golden See also:wedding; on the 21st of December of the same year the princess died. There were six See also:children of the marriage: See also:Elizabeth (b.

1847); Stephanie (b. 1851); Philipp Ernst, reigning prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst (b. 1853), who married Princess Charielee See also:

Ypsilanti; Albert (1857-1866); See also:Moritz and See also:Alexander, twins (b. 1862). All other authorities for the life of Prince Hohenlohe have been superseded by the Denkwurdigkeiten (2 vols., See also:Stuttgart and See also:Leipzig, 1906). With the exception noted above these are singularly full and outspoken, the latter quality causing no little See also:scandal in Germany and bringing down on Prince Alexander, who was responsible for their publication, the disfavour of the emperor. They form not only the See also:record of a singularly full and varied life, but are invaluable to the historian for the See also:wealth of material they contain and for appreciations of men and events by an observer who had the best opportunities for forming a See also:judgment.' The prince himself they reveal not only as a capable man of affairs, though falling short of greatness, but as a personality of singular See also:charm, tenacious of his principles, tolerant, broad-minded, and possessed of a large measure of the saving See also:grace of See also:humour. See generally A. F. See also:Fischer, Geschichte See also:des Hauses Hohenlohe (1866–1871); K. Weller. Hohenlohisches Urkundenbuch, 1153–1350 (Stuttgart, 1899–19o1). and Geschichte des Hauses Hohenlohe (Stuttgart, 1904).

(W. A. P.; C. F.

End of Article: HOHENLOHE

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