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partition was effected, but the mines are still worked in common, four-sevenths of the revenues derived from them falling to Prussia and the remaining three-sevenths to Brunswick. The northern portion of the duchy has its See also:

SURFACE

surface diversified by See also:

hill and See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain; it is mostly arable and has little See also:

FOREST

forest. The other two principal portions are intersected by the Harz mountains, and its spurs and the higher parts are covered with forests of See also:

fir, See also:

OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and See also:

BEECH

beech. The greatest elevations are the Wurmberg (3230 ft.), and the Achtermannshohe (3100 ft.), lying south of the See also:

Brocken. Brunswick belongs almost entirely to the See also:

basin of the river Weser, into which the Oker, the Aller and the Leine, having their See also:

SOURCES

sources-in the Harz, See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge their See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters.

The See also:

CLIMATE

climate is mild in the See also:

north, but in the hilly See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country raw and See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold in See also:

winter, and in autumn and See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

DAMP

damp. The See also:

AREA

area of the duchy is 1424 sq. in., and of this See also:

TOTAL

total fully one-See also:

HALF

half is arable See also:

LAND

land, 10 % meadow and pasture, and 33% under forest. The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1905 was 485,6J5. The See also:

religion is, in the See also:

main; that of the Lutheran Evangelical See also:

church; but there is a large See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic community centred in and See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

HILDESHEIM

Hildesheim, the seat of the bishopric of North Germany. The See also:

Jews have several synagogues, with a rabbinate in Brunswick. The See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-See also:

RATE

rate is 35.3, and the See also:

DEATH

death-rate 21.6 per thousand inhabitants. In the rural districts, broad See also:

Low German is spoken; but the See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the upper and educated classes is distinguished by its purity of See also:

style and See also:

PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation. The land devoted to See also:

agriculture is excellently farmed, and cereais, See also:

BEET

beet (for See also:

SUGAR

sugar), potatoes and See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden produce of all kinds, particularly See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, obtain the best See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market prices. The pasture land rears See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

sheep of first-rate quality, and See also:

GREAT

great See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is paid to the breeding of horses, in which the famous See also:

STUD

stud See also:

FARM

farm at Harzburg has of See also:

LATE

late years been eminently conspicuous. See also:

TIMBER

Timber cutting, in the forests of the Harz, employs a large number of hands. But agriculture, which, until recently, formed the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

WEALTH

wealth of the duchy, has now given way to the See also:

MINING

mining See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, both in point of the See also:

numbers of inhabitants employed and in the See also:

general prosperity distributed by it. The chief seat of the mining industry is the Harz, and its development annually increases in extent and importance.

See also:

COAL

Coal (bituminous), See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

lead, See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur, See also:

ALUM

alum, See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, See also:

alabaster, See also:

lime and See also:

salt are produced in large quantities, and the by-products of some of these, particularly chemicals and See also:

ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt, constitute a great source of See also:

revenue. The manufactures embrace sugar (from beet), See also:

SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, See also:

TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

paper, See also:

SOAP

soap See also:

MACHINES

machines, See also:

glass, See also:

CHINA

china, See also:

BEER

beer and sausages. The last are famous throughout Germany. The principal articles of export are See also:

THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread, dyes, See also:

CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

CHICORY

chicory, beer, timber, preserves, chemicals and sausages. The See also:

RAILWAYS

railways, formerly belonging to the state, were, in 1870, leased to private companies and in 1884 See also:

PURCHASED

purchased by Prussia, and have a length of about 320 M. The roads, of which one See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter are in the hands of the state, are excellently kept, and See also:

vie with those of any See also:

EUROPEAN

European country. The constitution is that of a limited See also:

MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, and See also:

DATES

dates from a revision of the fundamental See also:

law on the 12th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1832. The See also:

THRONE

throne is hereditary in the See also:

house of Brunswick-See also:

LUNEBURG

Luneburg, according to the law of See also:

PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture, and in the male See also:

LINE

line of See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, but the rightful See also:

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, Ernest, See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

Cumberland, was not allowed to take See also:

possession. The See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of the duchy. (See also:

LANDES

Landes- or Standeversammlung) is an See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of estates forming one house of 48 deputies, of whom 30 are elected by municipal and rural communities, while the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder represent the Evangelical church, the large landed proprietors, manufacturers and the professions. The house, however, has little See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in initiating legislation, but it can refuse See also:

taxation, impeach ministers and receive petitions. The executive functions of the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and See also:

government reside in the See also:

MINISTRY

ministry (Staatsministerium) consisting of three responsible ministers, assisted by a See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the holders of the other chief offices of state.

The public See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt amounts to about 31 millions See also:

sterling, and the See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

list to about £56,000 a See also:

YEAR

year, mostly derived from the revenues of the state domains. By virtue of a See also:

convention with Prussia, of See also:

March 1886, the Brunswick contingent to the imperial forces forms a part of the Prussian See also:

army and is attached to the X. army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps. The convention can be rescinded only after a two years' See also:

NOTICE

notice. See also:

HISTORY

History.—The lands which comprise the See also:

MODERN

modern duchy of Brunswick belonged in the loth See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century to the See also:

FAMILY

family of the Brunos, whence the name Brunswick is derived, of the See also:

COUNTS

counts of Nordheim, and the counts of Supplinburg. Inherited during the 12th century by See also:

Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony and See also:

BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and a member of the family of See also:

WELF

Welf, they subsequently formed part of the extensive Saxon duchy ruled by his son, Henry the See also:

Lion. When Henry was placed under the imperial See also:

ban and his duchy dismembered in 1181, he was allowed to retain his hereditary possessions, which consisted of a large part of Brunswick and Luneburg. The bulk of these lands came subsequently to Henry's See also:

GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, See also:

OTTO

Otto, and in 1235 the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

Frederick II., anxious to be reconciled with the Welfs, recognized Otto's See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and created him duke of Brunswick and Luneburg. Otto added several counties and the See also:

TOWN

town of Hanover to his possessions, and when he died in 1252 was succeeded by his sons See also:

Albert and - 689 See also:

John. In 1267 these princes divided the duchy, Albert becoming duke of Brunswick, and John duke of Luneburg. The See also:

dukes of Luneburg increased the area of their duchy, and when the family died out in 1369 a stubborn contest took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for its possession. Claimed by See also:

MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus II., duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, this See also:

prince was forced by the emperor See also:

Charles IV. to abandon his pretensions, but in 1388 his sons succeeded in incorporating Luneburg with Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. In 1285 the duchy of Brunswick had been divided between Duke Albert's three sons, whose relations with each other were far from harmonious, and the lines of Wolfenbuttel, See also:

GOTTINGEN

Gottingen and Grubenhagen had been established.

The Wolfenbuttel See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch died out in 1292, but was refounded in 1345 by Magnus I., a younger member of the Gottingen family; the See also:

elder Gottingen branch died out in 1463, and the Grubenhagen branch in 1396. Magnus I., duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel from 1345 to 1369, was the ancestor of the later dukes of Brunswick. His grandsons, Frederick, See also:

Bernard and Henry, secured Luneburg in 1388, but in 142.8 Bernard, the only survivor of the three, was forced to make a See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the duchy, by which he received Luneburg, while his nephews, See also:

William and Henry, obtained Brunswick, which in 1432 they divided into See also:

CALENBERG, or KALENBERG

Calenberg and Wolfenbuttel. In 1473, however, William, who had added Gottingen to his possessions in 1463, See also:

UNITED

united these lands; but they were again divided from 1495 to 1584. In 1584 Brunswick was united by Duke See also:

JULIUS

Julius, and in 1596 Grubenhagen was added to it. Duke Frederick See also:

ULRICH

Ulrich, however, was obliged to cede this territory to Luneburg in 1617, and when he died in 1634 his family became . See also:

EXTINCT

extinct, and. Brunswick was divided between the two branches of the Luneburg .family. The duchy of Luneburg, founded by Bernard in 1428, remained undivided until 1520, when Duke Henry abdicated and his three sons divided the duchy. Two of the branches founded at this See also:

time soon died out; and in 1569, after the death of Ernest.I., the representative of the third branch, his two sons agreed upon a partition which is of considerable importance in the history of Brunswick, since it established the lines of Dannenberg and of Luneburg-See also:

CELLE

Celle, and these two families divided the duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel in 1635. The dukes of Luneburg-Celle subsequently took the name of Hanover, and were the ancestors of the later See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Hanover (q.v.). After the acquisition of 1635 the family of Dannenberg took the title of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, and ruled in the See also:

DIRECT

direct line until 1735. It was then followed by the family of Brunswick-Bevern, which had split off from the See also:

PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent line in 1666 and ruled until 1884.

Brunswick has not played a very important part in German politics. Many counties were added to its area, but it was weakened by See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant divisions of territory, and during the See also:

period of the See also:

Reformation some of the princes took one See also:

side and some the other. The treaty of See also:

Westphalia in 1648 made little difference to its See also:

PRESTIGE

prestige, but its subsequent position was greatly affected by the growth of Prussia. During the Seven. Years' See also:

War Brunswick supported Frederick the Great, and in return was severely ravaged by the See also:

French. Duke Charles I., who accumulated a large amount of debt, sought to discharge his liabilities by sending his soldiers as mercenaries to assist See also:

England during the See also:

AMERICAN

American War of See also:

Independence. The succeeding duke, Charles William See also:

Ferdinand, brought See also:

order into the finances, led the Prussian troops against See also:

NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and died in 18o6 from wounds received at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Auerstadt. Napoleon then declared the ducal family deposed and included Brunswick in the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of Westphalia. In 1813 it was restored to Duke Frederick William, who was killed in 1815 at the battle of Quatre See also:

BRAS

Bras. His son, Charles II., while a See also:

minor, was under the regency of See also:

George, afterwards the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

king George IV., who ruled the duchy through Ernest, See also:

COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

Munster-Ledenburg (1766-1839), assisted by Justus von See also:

Schmidt-Phiseldeck (1769-1851). A new constitution was granted in 1820, but after Charles came of See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in 1823 a period of disorder ensued. The duke, who was very unpopular with his subjects; quarrelled with his relatives, and in 1830 a revolution drove him from the country.

The government was undertaken by his See also:

BROTHER

brother William, and in 1831 Charles was declared incapable of ruling, and William was appointed as his successor. The ex-duke, who made a See also:

FINE

fine collection of diamonds, died childless at See also:

Geneva in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1873. William's See also:

long reign witnessed many excellent and necessary reforms. A new constitution was granted in 1832, and in 1844 Brunswick joined the Prussian See also:

ZOLLVEREIN (Ger. Zoll, toll, customs, and Verein, union)

Zollverein. Trial by See also:

JURY

jury and freedom of the See also:

PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press were established, many religious disabilities were removed, and See also:

MEASURES

measures were taken towards the freedom of See also:

trade. Brunswick took very little part in the war between Prussia and See also:

Austria in 1866, but her troops fought for Prussia during the Franco-German War of 1870-71. The duchy joined the German See also:

CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation in 1815, the North German Confederation in 1866, and became a state of the German empire in 1871. In 1866 the question of the succession to Brunswick became acute. Duke William was unmarried, and according to the existing conventions it would pass to George, king of Hanover, who had just been deprived of his kingdom by the king of Prussia. In 1879, however, the duke and the estates, with the active support of Prussia, concluded an arrangement for a temporary council of regency to take over the government on William's death. Moreover, if in this event the rightful heir was unable to take possession of the duchy, the council was empowered to appoint a See also:

REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent. William died on the 18th of October 1884, and George's son, Ernest, duke of Cumberland, claimed Bruns-See also:

WICK

wick and promised to respect the Germanconstitution.

This claim was disregarded by the council of regency, and the Bundesrat declared that the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of the duke of Cumberland would be inimical to the See also:

peace and See also:

SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the empire on See also:

account of his attitude towards Prussia. In the following year the council See also:

CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose Albert, prince of Prussia, as regent, a step which brought Brunswick still more under the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of her powerful See also:

NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour. Albert died in See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1906, and after some futile negotiations with the duke of Cumberland, the Brunswick See also:

DIET

diet chose Duke John Albert of See also:

MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg-See also:

Schwerin (b. 1857) as regent in May 1907. See O. von Heinemann, Geschichte Braunschweigs and Hannovers (See also:

GOTHA

Gotha, 1882-1892) ; W. Havemann, Geschichte der Lande Braunschweig and Luneburg (Gottingen, 1853-1857); H. Sudendorf, Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Herz age von Braunschweig and Luneburg and ihrer Lande (Hanover, 1859-1883) ; H. Guthe, See also:

Die Lande Braunschweig and Hannover (Hanover, 1890) ; J. Beste, Geschichte der braunschweigischen Landeskirche von der Reformation bis auf unsere Tage (Wolfenbiittel, 1889); A. Kocher, Geschichte von Hannover and Braunschweig 1648-1714 (See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1884).

End of Article: BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)

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