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See also:BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM See also:FERDINAND, See also:DUKE OF (1735-18o6) , See also:German See also:general, was See also:born on the 9th of See also:October 1735 at See also:Wolfenbuttel. He received an unusually wide and thorough See also:education, and travelled in his youth in See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, See also:France and various parts of See also:Germany. His first military experience was in the See also:North German See also:campaign of 1757, under the duke of See also:Cumberland. At the See also:battle of Hastenbeck he won See also:great renown by a gallant See also:charge at the See also:head of an See also:infantry See also:brigade;
and upon the See also:capitulation of Kloster Zeven he was easily persuaded by his See also:uncle Ferdinand of Brunswick, who succeeded Cumberland, to continue in the See also:war as a general officer. The exploits of the hereditary See also:prince, as he was called, soon gained him further reputation, and he became an acknowledged See also:master of irregular warfare. In pitched battles, and in particular at See also:Minden and Warburg, he proved himself an excellent subordinate. After the See also:close of the Seven Years' War, the prince visited See also:England with his See also:- BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)
bride, the daughter of See also:Frederick, prince of See also:Wales, and in 1766 he went to France, being received both by his See also:allies and his See also:late enemies with every token of respect. In See also:Paris he made the acquaintance of See also:Marmontel; in See also:Switzerland, whither he continued his tour, that of See also:Voltaire; and in See also:Rome, where he remained for a See also:long See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, he explored the antiquities of the See also:city under the guidance of See also:Winckelmann. After a visit to See also:Naples he returned to Paris, and thence, with his wife, to Bruns-See also:wick. His services to the dukedom during the next few years were of the greatest value; with the assistance of the See also:minister Feronce von Rotenkreuz he rescued the See also:state from the See also:bankruptcy into which the war had brought it. His popularity was unbounded, and when he succeeded his See also:father, Duke Karl I., in 178o, he soon became known as a See also:model to sovereigns. He was perhaps the best representative of the benevolent See also:despot of the 18th century—wise, economical, prudent and kindly. His habitual caution, if it induced him on some occasions to leave reforms uncompleted, at any See also:rate saved him from the failures which marred the efforts of so many liberal princes of his time. He strove to keep his duchy from all See also:foreign entanglements. At the same time he continued to render important services to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Prussia, for whom he had fought in the Seven Years' War; he was a Prussian See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field See also:marshal, and was at pains to make the See also:regiment of which he was See also:colonel a model one, and he was frequently engaged in See also:diplomatic and other state affairs. He resembled his uncle Frederick the Great in many ways, but he lacked the supreme See also:resolution of the king, and in See also:civil as in military affairs was prone to excessive caution. As an enthusiastic adherent of the Germanic and See also:anti-See also:Austrian policy of Prussia he joined the Furstenbund, in which, as he now had the reputation of being the best soldier of his time, he was the destined See also:commander-in-See also:chief of the federal See also:army.
Between 1763 and 1787 his only military service had been in the brief War of the Bavarian See also:Succession; in the latter See also:year, however, the duke, as a Prussian field marshal, led the army which invaded Holland. His success was rapid, See also:complete and almost bloodless, and in the eyes of contemporaries the campaign appeared as an .example of perfect generalship. Five years later Brunswick was appointed to the command of the allied Austrian and German army assembled to invade France and crush the Revolution. In this task he knew that he must encounter more than a formal resistance. He was so far in acknowledged sympathy with See also:French hopes of reform, that when he gave an See also:asylum in his duchy to the " See also:comte de See also:Lille " (See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVIII.) the revolutionary See also:government made no protest. Indeed, earlier in this year (1792) he had been offered supreme command of the French army. As the king of Prussia took the field with Brunswick's army, the duke See also:felt See also:bound as a soldier to treat his wishes as actual orders. (For the events of the Valmy campaign see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY See also:WARS.) The result of Brunswick's cautious advance on Paris was the cannonade of Valmy followed by the See also:retreat of the allies. The following campaign of 1793 showed him perhaps at his best as a careful and exact general; even the fiery See also:Hoche, with the " nation in arms " behind him, failed to make any impression on the See also:veteran See also:leader of the allies. But difficulties and disagreements at headquarters multiplied, and when Brunswick found himself unable to move or See also:direct his army without interference from the king, he laid down his command and returned to govern his duchy. He did not, however, withdraw entirely from Prussian service, and in 1803 he carried out a successful and diplomatic See also:mission to See also:Russia. In 18o6, at the See also:personal See also:request of See also:Queen See also:Louise of Prussia, he consented to command the Prussian army, but here again the presence of the king of Prussiaand the conflicting views of numerous advisers of high See also:rank proved fatal. At the battle of Auerstadt the old duke was mortally wounded. Carried for nearly a See also:month in the midst of the routed Prussian army he died at last on the loth of See also:November 18o6 at Ottensen near See also:Hamburg.
His son and successor, See also:FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1771-I815), who was one of the bitterest opponents of See also:Napoleonic domination in Germany, took See also:part in the war of 1809 at the head of a See also:corps of partisans; fled to England after the battle of See also:Wagram, and returned to Brunswick in 1813, where he raised fresh troops. He was killed at the battle of Quatre See also:Bras on the 16th of See also:June 1815.
See See also:Lord Fitzmaurice, See also:Charles W. F., duke of Brunswick (See also:London, 1901); memoir in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. ii. (See also:Leipzig, 1882) ; and, for an interesting See also:sketch of his military See also:character. A. Chuquet, See also:Les Guerres de la Revolution—La Premiere Invasion prussienne (Paris, N.D.).
End of Article: BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)
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