|
LILLE , a See also:city of See also:northern See also:France, See also:capital of the See also:department of See also:Nord, 154 M. N. by E. of See also:Paris on the Northern railway. Pop. (1906) 196,624. Lille is situated in a See also:low fertile See also:plain on the right See also:bank of the See also:Defile in a See also:rich agricultural and See also:industrial region of which it is the centre. It is a first-class fortress and headquarters of the I. See also:army See also:corps, and has an See also:enceinte and a pentagonal citadel, one of See also:Vauban's finest See also:works, situated to the See also:west of the See also:town, from which it is divided by the Defile. The See also:modern fortifications comprise over twenty detached forts and batteries, the perimeter of the defences being about 20 m. Before 1858 the town, fortified by Vauban about 1668, occupied an elliptical See also:area of about 2500 yds. by 1300, with the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of Notre-See also:Dame de la Treille in the centre, but the ramparts on the See also:south See also:side have been demolished and the ditches filled up, their See also:place being now occupied by the See also:great See also:Boulevard de la Liberte, which extends in a straight See also:line from the goods station of the railway to the citadel. At the S.E. end of this boulevard are grouped the See also:majority of the numerous educational establishments of the city. The new enceinte encloses the old communes of Esquermes, Wazemmes and See also:Moulins-Lille, the area of the town being thus more than doubled. In the new quarters See also:fine boulevards and handsome squares, such as the Place de la Republique, have been laid out in pleasant contrast with the sombre aspect of the old town. The See also:district of St See also:Andre to the See also:north, the only elegant See also:part of the old town, is the See also:residence of the See also:aristocracy. Outside the enceinte populous suburbs surround the city on every side. The demolition of the fortifications on the north and See also:east of the city, which is continued in those directions by the great suburbs of La Madeleine, St See also:Maurice and See also:Fives, must accelerate its expansion towards See also:Roubaix and See also:Tourcoing. At the demolition of the See also:southern fortifications, the Paris See also:gate, a triumphal See also:arch erected in 1682 in See also:honour of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV., after the See also:conquest of See also:Flanders, was preserved. On the east" the See also:Ghent and Roubaix See also:gates, built in the See also:Renaissance See also:style, with bricks of different See also:colours, date from 1617 and 1622, the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:Spanish domination. On the same side the See also:Noble-Tour is a relic of the See also:medieval ramparts. The See also:present enceinte is pierced by numerous gates, including See also:water gates for the See also:canal of the Defile and for the Arbonnoise, which extends into a See also:marsh in the south-west corner of the town. The citadel, which contains the See also:barracks and See also:arsenal, is surrounded by public gardens. The more interesting buildings are in the old town, where, in the Grande Place and See also:Rue See also:Faidherbe, its animation is concentrated. St Maurice, a church" in the See also:late See also:Gothic style, See also:dates in its See also:oldest portions from the 15th See also:century, and was restored in 1872; Ste See also:Catherine belongs to the 15th, 16th and 18th centuries, St Andre to the first years of the 18th century, and Ste Madeleine to the last See also:half of the 17th century; all possess valuable pictures, but St Maurice alone, with See also:nave and double685
aisles, and elegant modern See also:spire, is architecturally notable. Notre-Dame de la Treille, begun in 1855, in the style of the 15th century, possesses an See also:ancient statue of the Virgin which is the See also:object of a well-known See also:pilgrimage. Of the See also:civil buildings the See also:Bourse (17th century) built See also:round a courtyard in which stands a See also:bronze statue of See also:Napoleon I., the Hotel d'Aigremont, the Hotel Gentil and other houses are in the Flemish style; the See also:lintel de Ville, dating in the See also:main from the See also:middle of the 19th century, preserves a portion of a See also:palace built by See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip the See also:Good, See also:duke of See also:Burgundy, in the 15th century. The prefecture, the Palais See also:des See also:Beaux-Arts, the See also:law-courts, the school of arts and crafts, and the Lycee Faidherbe are imposing modern buildings. In the middle of the Grande Place stands a See also:column, erected in 1848, commemorating the See also:defence of the town in 1792 (see below), and there are also statues to Generals L. L. C. Faidherbe and F. O. de Negrier, and busts of Louis See also:Pasteur and the popular poet and See also:singer A. Desrousseaux. The Palais des Beaux-Arts contains a museum and picture galleries, among the richest in France, as well as a unique collection of See also:original designs of the great masters bequeathed to Lille by J. B. Wicar, and including a celebrated See also:wax See also:model of a girl's See also:head usually attributed to some See also:Italian artist of the 16th century. The city also possesses a commercial and colonial museum, an industrial museum, a fine collection of departmental and municipal archives, the museum of the See also:Institute of Natural Sciences and a library containing many valuable See also:manuscripts, housed at the Hotel de Ville. The large military See also:hospital, once a Jesuit See also:college, is one of several similar institutions.
Lille is the seat of a See also:prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade arbitrators, a chamber of commerce and a See also:branch of the Bank of France.
It is the centre of an academie (educational See also:division) and has a university with faculties of See also:laws, letters, See also:science and See also:medicine and See also:pharmacy, together with a See also:Catholic institute comprising faculties of See also:theology, law, medicine and pharmacy, letters, science, a technical school, and a department of social and See also:political science. Secondary See also:education is given at the Lycee Faidherbe, and the Lycee See also:Fenelon (for girls), a higher school of commerce, a See also:national technical school and other establishments; to these must be added See also:schools of See also:music and fine arts, and the Industrial and Pasteur Institutes.
The See also:industries, which are carried on in the new quarters of the town and in the suburbs, are of great variety and importance. In the first See also:rank comes the See also:spinning of See also:flax and the See also:weaving of See also:cloth, table-See also:linen, See also:damask, See also:ticking and flax See also:velvet. The spinning of flax See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread for sewing and See also:lace-making is specially connected with Lille. The manufacture of woollen fabrics and See also:cotton-spinning and the making of cotton-twist of fine quality are also carried on. There are important See also:printing establishments, See also:state factories for the manufacture of See also:tobacco and the refining of See also:saltpetre and very numerous breweries, while chemical, oil; See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:lead and See also:sugar-works, distilleries, See also:bleaching-grounds; dye-works, machinery and See also:boiler works and See also:cabinet-making occupy many thousands of workmen. Plant for sugar-works and distilleries, military stores, See also:steam-engines, locomotives, and See also:bridges of all kinds are produced by the See also:company of Fives-Lille. Lille is one of the most important junctions of the Northern railway, and the Defile canal affords communication with neighbouring ports and with See also:Belgium. Trade is chiefly in the raw material and machinery for its industries, in the products thereof, and in the See also:wheat and other agricultural products of the surrounding district.
Lille (1'tle) is said to date its origin from, the time of See also:Count See also:Baldwin IV. of Flanders, who in 1030 surrounded with walls a little town which had arisen around the See also:castle of Buc. In the first half of the 13th century, the town, which had See also:developed rapidly, obtained communal privileges. Destroyed by Philip See also:Augustus in 1213, it was rebuilt by See also:Joanna of See also:Constantinople, countess of Flanders, but besieged and retaken by Philip the See also:Fair in 1297. After having taken part with the Flemings against the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of France, it was ceded to the latter in 1312. In 1369 See also:Charles V., king of France, gave it to Louis de Male, who
transmitted his rights to his daughter See also:Margaret, wife of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy. Under the Burgundian See also:rule Lille enjoyed great prosperity; its merchants were at the head of the See also:London Hansa. Philip the Good made it his residence, and within its walls held the first chapters of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the See also:Golden Fleece. With the See also:rest of Flanders it passed from the See also:dukes of Burgundy to See also:Austria and then to See also:Spain. After the See also:death of Philip IV. of Spain, Louis XIV. reclaimed the territory and besieged Lille in 1667. He forced it to capitulate, but preserved all its laws, customs, privileges and liberties. In 1708, after an heroic resistance, it surrendered to See also:Prince See also:Eugene and the duke of See also:Marlborough. The treaty of See also:Utrecht restored it to France. In 1792 the Austrians bombarded it for nine days and nights without intermission, but had ultimately to raise the See also:siege.
See L. Vanhende, Lille et ses institutions communales de 62o a 1804 (Lille, 1888).
End of Article: LILLE
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!