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ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

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Originally appearing in Volume V01, Page 969 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

ANDRE, See also:
JOHN
JOHN (1167–1216)
JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
JOHN (1296-1346)
JOHN (1371–1419)
JOHN (1468-1532)
JOHN (1801-1873)
JOHN (Heb. llni')
JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
JOHN, THE APOSTLE
JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF
JOHN (1751-178o) , See also:

BRITISH

British soldier, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

LONDON

London in 1951 of Genevese parents. See also:

Accident brought him in 1769 to See also:

LICHFIELD

Lichfield, where, in the See also:

house of the Rev. See also:

Thomas See also:

Seward, whose daughter See also:

Anna was the centre of a See also:

LITERARY

literary circle, he met the beautiful See also:

MISS

Miss Honora Sneyd. A strong See also:

ATTACHMENT

attachment sprang up between the two, but their See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage was disapproved of by Miss Sneyd's See also:

FAMILY

family, and Andre was sent to cool his love in his See also:

FATHER

father's counting-house in London and on a business tour to the See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent. See also:

Commerce was, however, too tame an occupation for his ambitious spirit, and in See also:

March 1771 he obtained a See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the Seventh (Royal Fusiliers), which, after travel in See also:

Germany, he joined in See also:

CANADA

Canada in 1774. Here his See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, See also:

con-duct and accomplishments gained him rapid promotion. Miss Sneyd in 1773 married R. L. See also:

Edgeworth, the father of the novelist, Maria Edgeworth, having previously refused Thomas See also:

Day, the author of See also:

SANDFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1294)

Sandford and Merton; but Andre remained faithful to his love for her. In a See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Anna Seward, written shortly after being taken prisoner by the Americans at the See also:

CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of St John's on the 3rd of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1775, he states that he has been " stripped of everything except the picture of Honora, which I concealed in my mouth. Preserving this I yet think myself fortunate." Exchanged towards the See also:

close of 1776, Andre became in See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession aide-de-See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp. to See also:

General See also:

Grey and to the See also:

COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the British forces, See also:

Sir See also:

Henry See also:

Clinton, who raised him to the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

major and appointed him See also:

ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-general of the forces in 1778. See also:

Early in 178o the See also:

AMERICAN

American general, See also:

Benedict See also:

Arnold (q.v.) , thinking himself injuriously treated by his colleagues, made overtures to the British to betray to them the important fortress of See also:

West Point on the See also:

Hudson See also:

RIVER

river, the See also:

key of the American position, of which he was commandant.

This seemed to Sir Henry Clinton a favourable opportunity for concluding the See also:

war, and Major Andre was appointed to negotiate with Arnold. For this purpose he landed from a See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel bearing a See also:

FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag of truce and had an interview with Arnold, who delivered to him full particulars and plans of the fortress of West Point, and arranged with him to co-operate with the British during an attack which was to be made in a few days. Unfortunately for Andre, the British vessel was fired on before the negotiations were finished and obliged to drop down the river. Andre, there-fore, could not return by the way he came and was compelled to pass the See also:

NIGHT

night within the American lines. After making the fatal See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake of exchanging his See also:

UNIFORM

uniform for a civilian disguise, he set out next day by See also:

LAND

land for New See also:

York, provided by Arnold with a See also:

PASSPORT

passport, and succeeded in passing the See also:

REGULAR

regular American outposts undetected. Next day, however, just when all danger seemed to be over, Andre was stopped by three American militiamen, to whom he gave such contradictory answers that, in spite of Arnold's pass, they searched him and discovered in his boots the fatal proofs of his negotiations for the betrayal of West Point. Not-withstanding his offer of a large sum for his See also:

RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release, his captors delivered him up to the nearest American officer. See also:

Washington, although admitting that Andre was " more unfortunate than criminal," sent him before a See also:

court-See also:

MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, by which, notwithstanding a spirited See also:

defence, he was, in consequence of his own admissions, condemned to See also:

DEATH

death as a See also:

spy. In spite of the protests and entreaties of Sir Henry Clinton and the threats of Arnold he was hanged at Tappan on the and of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1780. Arnold, warned by the unfortunate Andre, escaped by See also:

FLIGHT

flight the See also:

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment he so richly merited. The See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of See also:

ANDRES, JUAN (1740-1817)

Andres See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution has been a fruitful theme for discussion, but both British and American military writers are agreed that he undoubtedly acted in the character of a spy, although under orders and entirely contrary to his own feelings. Washington's apparent harshness in refusing the condemned See also:

man a soldier's death by See also:

SHOOTING

shooting has also been censured, but it is evident that no other course was open to the American commander, since a mitigation of the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence would have implied a doubt as to its justice.

Besides courage and distinguished military talents, Major Andre was a proficient in See also:

DRAWING

drawing and in See also:

MUSIC

music, and showed considerable poetic See also:

TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent in his humorous Cow-See also:

chase, a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

PARODY (Gr. s-apybia, literally a song sung beside, a comic parallel)

parody on Chevy-chase, which appeared in three successive parts at New York, the last on the very day of his See also:

CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture. His See also:

FATE

fate excited universal sympathy both in See also:

AMERICA

America and See also:

EUROPE

Europe, and the whole British See also:

army went into See also:

MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for him. A mural sculptured See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to his memory was erected in See also:

Westminster See also:

Abbey by the British See also:

government when his remains were brought over and interred there in 1821; and a memorial has been erected to him by Americans on the spot where he was taken. Andres military See also:

journal, giving an interesting See also:

account of the British movements in America from See also:

JUNE

June 1777 to the close of 1778, was taken to See also:

England in 1782 by General Grey, whose descendant, See also:

EARL

Earl Grey, discovered it in 1902 and disposed of it to an American See also:

GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman. See The See also:

LIFE

Life and Career of Major John Andre', &c., by See also:

Winthrop See also:

SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856– )

Sargent (new ed., New York, 1902) ; Andre's Journal (See also:

Boston, See also:

Mass., The Bibliophile Society, 1904).

End of Article: ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

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