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WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 552 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF . Under this heading are included certain of the more important ecclesiastical See also:councils held within the See also:present See also:bounds of See also:London. Though the precise locality is occasionally uncertain, the See also:majority of the See also:medieval synods assembled in the See also:chapter-See also:house of old St See also:Paul's, or the former See also:chapel of St See also:Catherine within the precincts of Westminster See also:Abbey or at See also:Lambeth. The councils were of various types, each with a constitutional See also:history of its own. Before the reign of See also:Edward I., when See also:convocation assumed substantially its present See also:form (see CONVOCATION), there were convened in London various diocesan, provincial, See also:national and legatine synods; during the past six centuries, however, the See also:chief ecclesiastical assemblies held there have been convocations of the See also:province of See also:Canterbury. The first really notable See also:council at St Paul's was that of 1075 under the See also:presidency of See also:Lanfranc; it renewed See also:ancient regulations, forbade See also:simony and permitted three bishops to remove from See also:country places to See also:Salisbury, See also:Chichester and See also:Chester respectively. In 1102 a national See also:synod at Westminster under See also:Anselm adopted canons against simony, clerical marriages and See also:slavery. The councils of 1126, 1127 and 1138 were legatine, that of 1175 provincial; their canons, chiefly re-enactments, throw See also:light on the See also:condition of the See also:clergy at that See also:time. The canons of 1200 are based in large measure on recommendations of the Lateran Council of 1179. At St Paul's the legatine constitutions of See also:Otto were published in a synod of 1237, those of Ottobon in 1268: these were the most important national councils held after the See also:independence of See also:York had been established. A synod at Lambeth in 1281 put forth canons none too welcome to Edward I.; they included a detailed See also:scheme for the religious instruction of the faithful. During the next two centuries the councils devoted much See also:attention to See also:heresy: eight propositions concerning the See also:body of See also:Christ after his See also:death were rejected at St See also:Mary-le-See also:Bow in 1286; the See also:expulsion of the See also:Jews from See also:England was sanctioned by a legatine synod of Westminster in 1291; ten theses of Wiclif's were condemned at the Dominican friary in 1382, and eighteen articles See also:drawn from his Trialogus met the same See also:fate at St Paul's in 1396; and the See also:doom of See also:Sir See also:John See also:Oldcastle was sealed at the latter See also:place in 1413.

The 14th-See also:

century synods at St Paul's concerned them-selves largely with the See also:financial and moral status' of the clergy, and made many See also:quaint regulations regarding their See also:dress and behaviour (1328, 1342, 1343; cf. 1463). From the time of Edward VI. on, many of the most vital changes in ecclesiastical discipline were adopted in convocations at St Paul's and in the Abbey. To enumerate them would be to give a See also:running commentary on the development of the See also:Church of England; among the most important were those of 1547, 1552, 1554, 1562, 1571, 1604, 16o5, 164o and 1661. In 1852 there was held the first of a See also:series of synods of the newly organized See also:Roman See also:Catholic archdiocese of Westminster. For the " See also:Pan-See also:Anglican Synods " see LAMBETH CONFERENCES. London, 1853) ; A. P. See also:Stanley, See also:Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (4th and revised ed., London, 1876), 411-413, 495-504; H. H. See also:Milman, See also:Annals of S. Paul's See also:Cathedral (2nd ed., London, 1869).

Full titles under CouxcILS. (W. W.

End of Article: WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

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