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OTTO , See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Greece (1815-1867), was the second son of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis I., king of See also:Bavaria, and his wife Teresa of See also:Saxe-See also:Altenburg. He was See also:born at See also:Salzburg on the 1st of See also:June 1815, and was educated at See also:Munich. In 1832 he was chosen by the See also:conference of See also:London to occupy the newly-erected See also:throne of Greece, and on the 6th of See also:February 1833 he landed at See also:Nauplia, then the See also:capital of See also:independent Greece. Otto, who was not yet eighteen, was accompanied by a See also:council of regency composed of Bavarians under the See also:presidency of See also:Count Josef See also:Ludwig von Armansperg (1787-1853), who as See also:minister of See also:finance in Bavaria had succeeded in restoring the See also:credit of the See also:state at the cost of his popularity. The task of governing a semi-barbarous See also:people, but recently emancipated, divided into See also:bitter factions, and filled with an exaggerated sense of their See also:national destiny, would in no See also:case have been easy; it was not facilitated by the bureaucratic methods introduced by the regents. Though Armansperg and his colleagues did a See also:good See also:deal to introduce See also:system and See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order into the See also:infant state, they contrived to make themselves hated by the Greeks, and with sufficient See also:reason. That the regency refused to See also:respond to the demand for a constitution was perhaps natural, for the experience of constitutional experiments in emancipated Greece had not been encouraging. The result, however, was perpetual unrest; the regency, too, was divided into a See also:French and a See also:Russian party, and distracted by See also:personal quarrels, which led in 1834 to the recall by King Louis of G. L. von See also:Maurer and Karl von See also:Abel, who had been in bitter opposition to Armansperg. Soon afterwards the Mainotes were in open revolt, and the See also:money obtained from See also:foreign loans had to be spent in organizing a force to preserve order. On the 1st of June 1835 Otto came of See also:age, but, on the See also:advice of his See also:father and under pressure of See also:Great See also:Britain and of the See also:house of See also:Rothschild, who all believed that a capable finance minister was the supreme need of Greece, he retained Armansperg as See also:chancellor of state. The See also:wisdom of this course was more than doubtful; for the expenses of See also:government, of which the See also:con-version of See also:Athens into a dignified capital was not the least, exceeded the resources of the See also:exchequer, and the state was only saved from See also:bankruptcy by the continual intervention of the See also:powers. Though King Louis, as the most exalted of Philhellenes, received an enthusiastic welcome when he visited Greece in the See also:winter of 1835, his son's government See also:grew increasingly unpopular. The Greeks were more heavily taxed than under See also:Turkish See also:rule; they had exchanged government by the See also:sword, which they understood, for government by See also:official regulations, which they hated; they had escaped from the See also:sovereignty of the Mussulman to fall under that of a devout See also:Catholic, to them a heretic. Otto was well intentioned, honest and inspired with a genuine See also:affection for his adopted See also:country; but it needed more than See also:mere amiable qualities to reconcile the Greeks to his rule.
In 1837 Otto visited See also:Germany and married the beautiful and talented Princess Amalie of See also:Oldenburg. The See also:union was unfruitful, and the new See also:queen made herself unpopular by interfering in the government. Meanwhile, at the instance of the Swiss Philhellene Eynard, Armansperg had been dismissed by the king immediately on his return, but a See also:Greek minister was not put in his See also:place, and the granting of a constitution was still postponed. The attempts of Otto to conciliate Greek sentiment by efforts to enlarge the frontiers of his See also:kingdom, e.g. by the suggested acquisition of See also:Crete in 1841, failed of their See also:object and only succeeded in embroiling him with the powers.
His See also:power rested wholly on Bavarian bayonets; and when, in 1843, the last of the See also:German troops were withdrawn, he was forced by the outbreak of a revolutionary See also:movement in Athens to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant a constitution and to appoint a See also:ministry of native Greeks.
With the grant of the constitution Otto's troubles increased. The Greek See also:parliament, like its predecessors during the See also:War of Liberation, was the battleground of factions divided, not by national issues, but by their adherence to one or other of the great powers who made Greece the See also:arena of their rivalry for the See also:control of the Mediterranean. Otto thought to counteract the effects of See also:political corruption and incompetence by overriding the constitution to which he had sworn. The See also:attempt would have been perilous even for a strong See also:man, a native ruler and an Orthodox believer; and Otto was none of these. His See also:prestige, moreover, suffered from the " Pacifico incident " in 185o, when See also:Palmerston caused the See also:British See also:fleet to See also:blockade the See also:Peiraeus, to exact reparation for injustice done to a Levantine See also:Jew who happened also to be a British subject. For the See also:ill-advised intervention in the See also:Crimean War, which led to a second occupation of the Peiraeus, Otto was not responsible; his consent had been given under protest as a concession to popular clamour. His position in Greece was, however, becoming untenable. In 1861 a student named Drusios attempted to See also:murder the queen, and was hailed by the populace as a See also:modern Harmod,os. In See also:October 1862 the troops in See also:Acarnania under See also:General See also:Theodore Srivas declared for the king's deposition; those in Athens followed suit; a provisional government was set up and summoned a national See also:convention. The king and queen, who were at See also:sea, took See also:refuge on a British war-See also:ship, and returned to Bavaria, where they were lodged by King Louis in the See also:palace of the former bishops of See also:Bamberg. Here, on the 26th of See also:July 1867, Otto died. He had become strangely persuaded that he held the throne of Greece by divine right; and, though he made no effort to regain it, he refused to acknowledge the validity of the See also:election of See also:Prince See also:George of See also:Denmark,
See E. A. Thouvenel, La Grece du roi Othon (See also:Paris, 189o) ; G. L. von Maurer, Das griechische See also:Volk, &c. (1836) ; C. W. P. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, " See also:Die Verwaltung See also:Konig Ottos von Griechenland and sein Sturz " (in Preuss. Jahrbiicher, iv. 365) ; K. T. v. See also:Heigel, Ludwig I., Konig von Baiern, pp. 149 et seq. (See also:Leipzig, 1872); H. H. See also:Parish, The See also:Diplomatic See also:History of the See also:Monarchy of Greece from the See also:Year 1830 (London, 1838), the author of which was attached to the British See also:Legation at Athens.
End of Article: OTTO
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