Online Encyclopedia

Kendal area consists mainly of undulating lowlands, varied by hills ranging in only a few cases up to l000 ft. More than half this area lies below the 500 ft. contour. Westmorland may thus be said to be divided in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle by uplands ranging in a See also:

general See also:

south-easterly direction, and to be bordered all along its eastern See also:

side by the elevated moorlands of the Pennine See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

rivers are—in the northern area the higher part of the See also:

TEES

Tees, the Eden with its main tributaries, the Lowther and the Eamont, and in the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern area the Lune and the Kent, with their numerous tributary becks and gills. The lakes include See also:

WINDERMERE

Windermere, part of Ullswater, See also:

GRASMERE

Grasmere, See also:

Hawes See also:

WATER

Water and numerous smaller lakes and tarns, which are chiefly confined to the north-western parts of the county. Amongst the other See also:

PHYSICAL

physical features of more or less See also:

INTEREST

interest are numerous crags and scars, chiefly in the neighbourhood of the lakes; others are Mallerstang Edge, Helbeck, above See also:

BROUGH, ROBERT (1872-1905)

Brough; Haikable or High See also:

CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

Cup Gill, near See also:

APPLEBY

Appleby; See also:

ORTON, JOB (1717–1783)

Orton Scars; and the See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone crags See also:

west of See also:

KIRKBY, JOHN (d. 1290)

Kirkby See also:

Lonsdale. Among the waterfalls are Caldron Snout, on the northern confines of the county, flowing over the Whin See also:

Sill, and Stock Gill Force, Rydal Falls, Skelwith Force, and See also:

DUNGEON

Dungeon Gill Force, all situated amongst the volcanic rocks in the west. See also:

HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell Gill, near the See also:

head of the Eden, and Stenkrith, near Kirkby See also:

Stephen, are conspicuous examples of natural See also:

ARCHES, COURT OF

arches eroded by the streams flowing through them. See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The diversity of scenery and physical features in this county are directly traceable to the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological structure. In the mountainous north-western portion, which includes the heights of Helvellyn, Langdale Pikes, and Bow Fell, and the lakes Ullswater, Hawes Water, Grasmere and Elterwater, we find the great mass of igneous rocks known as the Borrowdale volcanic See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series—andesites, basalts and tuffs—of Ordovician See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age. On the northern and north-western sides these volcanic rocks pass into the neighbouring county of Cumberland; their southern boundary runs north-easterly from the upper end of Windermere by Kentmere and past the granitic mass of Shap Fell; thence the boundary turns north-westward through Rasgill to the east end of Ullswater.

Narrow strips of Ordovician Skiddaw See also:

SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate occur on the south See also:

banks of Ullswater and fringe the Borrowdale rocks for some distance east of Windermere. A large area of See also:

SILURIAN

Silurian rocks occupies most of the south-western part of the county from Windermere to near Ravenstonedale and southward to See also:

SEDBERGH

Sedbergh, Kendal and Kirkby Lonsdale. The Ordovician and Silurian rocks are bordered on the east and south by Carboniferous limestone from the See also:

RIVER

river Eamont southward through See also:

CLIFTON

Clifton, Shap, See also:

CROSBY, HOWARD (1826–1891)

Crosby See also:

GARRETT, JOAO BAPTISTA DA SILVA LEITAO DE ALMEIDA, VISCONDE DE

Garrett and Ravenstonedale; and again south of Kendal, down the Kent valley and eastward to Kirkby Lonsdale. Outlying patches of limestone See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on the Silurian at Grayrigg, Mealbank and elsewhere. The Carboniferous See also:

lime-See also:

stone is found again on the east side of the Eden valley in Milburn Forest, Dufton Fell, Stainmore and Winster Fell. Here and there in the south-east corner Millstone Grit and Shales cap the limestone and some little distance east of Brough under Stainmore a small patch of See also:

COAL

Coal See also:

MEASURES

Measures remains. At the See also:

BASE

base of the Carboniferous rocks in this county is a red conglomeratic See also:

DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, the lower part of which may be regarded as of Old Red See also:

SANDSTONE

Sandstone age; it may be traced from Ullswater through Butterwick, Rasgill and Tebay, and it appears again at Sedbergh, See also:

Barton and around Kendal. In the limestones on the east side of the Eden the Great Whin Sill, a See also:

DIABASE

diabase See also:

DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

dike, may be followed for a considerable distance. In the Eden valley two sets of red sandstones occur, that on the western side is of See also:

PERMIAN

Permian age and includes the See also:

CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate beds known as brockram." The Permian extends as a See also:

belt from 4 to 2 M. wide between See also:

PENRITH

Penrith, Appleby and Kirkby Stephen. The sandstone on the eastern side of the valley is of See also:

BUNTER

Bunter age. The eastern side of the valley is strongly faulted so that small patches of Ordovician and Silurian rocks appear all along the margin of the Carboniferous limestone. Evidences of glaciation are abundant in the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of morainic accumulations and transported or striated blocks.

See also:

CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

Agriculture.—The rainfall is very heavy, especially in the western part (see LAKE DISTRICT), whence it diminishes eastward. Thus at Kendal, on the eastern flank of the Lake District, the mean See also:

ANNUAL

annual rainfall is still as high as 48.71 in., whereas at Appleby in the Eden valley it is only 32.45 in. The greater part of the county may, however, be considered to lie within an area having 40 to 6o in. mean annual fall. The See also:

AVERAGE

average temperature in See also:

JANUARY

January at Appleby is 35.8° F., but at Windermere it is 37.4°. The summer temperature is mild; thus at the same two points 58.4° and 58.7° are recorded. The principal characteristic of the climate is the preponderance of See also:

CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud, wet and See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold days, especially in the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and autumn,—combining to retard the growth of vegetation. The See also:

LATE

late stay of cold winds in the spring has much to do with the same, especially in the lowlands extending along the See also:

FOOT

foot of the See also:

CROSS

Cross Fell escarpment from Brough north-westwards. The helm-See also:

wind (q.v.) is characteristic of this district. Scarcely one-half of the See also:

TOTAL

total area of the county is under cultivation, and of this acreage about five-sixths is in permanent pasture, both See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

sheep being largely kept. Large portions of the valleys are well wooded. Nearly the whole of the acreage under See also:

corn crops is occupied by oats; a little See also:

BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley is grown, but the See also:

wheat See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is insignificant. About three-fourths of the acreage under See also:

green crops is occupied by turnips.

The meadow-land yields excellent grass. Grass of inferior value characterizes the pasture-lauds; while on the fell (or unenclosed) land, except in limestone areas, the herbage consists chiefly of the coarser kinds of grass, bents and heather. These, however, furnish nourishment for the hardier breeds of sheep, which are pastured there in large See also:

numbers. It is from the See also:

sale of these, of their stock cattle, horses and pigs, and of their See also:

DAIRY

dairy produce that the See also:

STAPLE

staple of the farmers' income is derived. A large part of Westmorland was formerly in the hands of "statesmen" (see CUMBERLAND) whose holdings were usually of small extent, but were sufficient, with careful management, for the respectable See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of themselves and their families. The proportion of landowners of this class has greatly decreased. Manufactures.—The manufacturing See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries, owing to the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any large supplies of native See also:

FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, are not numerous. The principal is woollen manufacture in one form or another, and this is chiefly confined to the low country in and near Kendal. Bobbin-making, the manufacture of See also:

EXPLOSIVES

explosives, fulling, See also:

SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff-grinding and several small industries are carried on, and use the water-See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power available at so many points. See also:

Paper-making is also carried on. The quarries occupy a considerable number of hands at various points, as in the See also:

case of the green slate quarries which are detrimental to the scenery in the lower part of Langdale. Communications.—The main See also:

LINE

line of the See also:

LONDON

London and North-Western railway from the south serves Oxenholme (See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to Kendal and Windermere), Low Gill (branch to ln_gleton in See also:

York-See also:

SHIRE

shire), and Tebay, leaving the county after surmounting the heavy gradient at Shap.

The Midland main line, with a parallel course, serves Appleby. A branch of the North Eastern See also:

SYSTEM

system from See also:

DARLINGTON

Darlington serves Kirkby Stephen and Tebay, and another branch connects Kirkby Stephen with Appleby and Penrith. See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

ancient county is 503,160 acres; with a population in 1891 of 66,098 and in 190I of 64,303. The natives are prevalently tall, wiry, See also:

long-armed, big-handed, dark-See also:

grey-eyed and fresh-coloured. In disposition they are cautious, reserved and unemotional and thrifty beyond measure. • The general See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the dialects of Westmorland is that of a basis of Anglian speech, influenced to a_ certain extent by the speech current amongst the non-Anglian peoples of See also:

STRATHCLYDE

Strathclyde. This is overlaid to a much greater though variable extent by the more decidedly Scandinavian forms of speech introduced at various periods between the loth and the 12th centuries. Three well-marked dialects can be made out. The area of the administrative county is 505,330 acres. The county contains four wards (corresponding to hundreds). The municipal boroughs are Appleby, the county See also:

TOWN

town (pop.1764) and Kendal (14,183). The See also:

urban districts are See also:

AMBLESIDE

Ambleside (2536), Bowness and Windermere (5061), Grasmere (781).

Kirkby Lonsdale (1638) and Shap (1226). The county is in the northern See also:

CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Appleby. It has one See also:

court of See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, and is divided into five See also:

PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions. The See also:

borough of Kendal has a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of the See also:

peace. There are 115 See also:

CIVIL

civil parishes. Westmorland is in the See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

Carlisle, and contains 86 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part. There are two See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, Northern or Appleby and Southern or Kendal, each returning one member. See also:

HISTORY

History.—The earliest See also:

ENGLISH

English settlements in the district which is now Westmorland were effected by the Anglian tribes who entered Yorkshire by the See also:

HUMBER

Humber in the 6th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and laid the See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

DEIRA

Deira, which included within its See also:

BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds that portion of Westmorland afterwards known as the See also:

BARONY

barony of Kendal. The northern district, corresponding to the later barony of Appleby, meanwhile remained unconquered, and it was not until the See also:

close of the 7th century that See also:

ECGFRITH (d. 685)

Ecgfrith drove out the native Britons and established the Northumbrian supremacy over the whole district. With the Danish invasions of the 9th century the Kendal district was included in the Danelaw, while the barony of Appleby formed a portion of the land of Carlisle. The first mention of Westmorland in the Saxon See also:

CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle occurs under 966, when it was harried by Thored son of Gunnar, the See also:

TERM

term here applying only to the barony of Appleby, which at this See also:

period was being extensively colonized by See also:

NORWEGIAN

Norwegian settlers, traces of whose occupation are especially noticeable in the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names of the Lake District. The Domesday Survey describes only the barony of Kendal which appears as part of Amounderness in Yorkshire.

Before the See also:

CONQUEST

Conquest it had formed part of the earldom of See also:

TOSTIG (d. 1(366)

Tostig of See also:

NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, and had been bestowed by See also:

William I. on See also:

Roger of See also:

POITOU

Poitou, but, owing to the See also:

FORFEITURE (from " forfeit," originally an offence, and hence a fine exacted as a penalty for such; derived through the O. Fr. forfeit, from the late Lat. foris factum, a trespass, that which is done foris, outside)

forfeiture of his estates by the latter, at the See also:

time of the survey it was in the hands of the See also:

CROWN

crown. The See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the northern portion of Westmorland to the crown of England was accomplished by William See also:

Rufus, who in 1092 drove out Dolfin from the land of Carlisle, and fortified Brough-under-Stainmore, See also:

Brougham, Appleby and Pendragon. In the reign of See also:

Henry I. the barony of Appleby was included in the See also:

grant to Ranulph Meschin of the earldom of Carlisle, but on the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Ranulph to the earldom of See also:

Chester in 1120 it was surrendered to the crown, and its inclusion in the See also:

PIPE

pipe See also:

roll of 1131 shows that Westmorland was now definitely established on the administrative basis of an English county. The barony of Kendal was held in the 12th century by the Mowbrays, and from them passed to the See also:

FAMILY

family of See also:

Lancaster, who held it as of the See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Westmorland. In the 13th century it was separated into two moieties; the See also:

LINDSAY

Lindsay moiety which passed from the Lindsays to the Copelands and Coucys and in the reign of Henry VI. to the Beauforts and Richmonds, whence was derived its later name of See also:

Richmond See also:

Fee; the Brus moiety, which became subdivided into the See also:

MARQUIS

Marquis Fee held by the See also:

Parr family, ancestors of Katherine Parr, and the Lumley Fee which passed from the Thwengs to the Lumleys and Hothams. The barony of Appleby, with the hereditary shrievalty, was bestowed by See also:

King See also:

John on the family of Veteripont, from whom it passed by See also:

FEMALE

female descent to the Cliffords in the 13th century, and in the 16th century to the Tuftons, afterwards earls of See also:

THANET, ISLE OF

Thanet, who retained the dignity until their descendant, Mr See also:

BARHAM, RICHARD HARRIS (1788-1845)

Barham of Trecwn, yielded his rights to the crown. The See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Westmorland into wards originated with the system of See also:

defence against the inroads of the Scots, each barony being divided into two wards, and each See also:

ward placed under a high See also:

constable, who presided over the wards to be maintained at certain fords and other appointed places. The barony of Kendal was divided into Kendal and Lonsdale wards, and the barony of Appleby, called the Bottom, into east and west wards, there being anciently a middle ward between these last two. The shire court and assizes for the county were held at Appleby. The barony of Appleby was included in the diocese of York from the 7th century, and in 1291 formed the deaneries of Lonsdale and Kendal within the archdeaconry of Richmond. The barony of Appleby, which had been bestowed by Henry I. in the see of Carlisle, formed in 1291 the deanery of Westmorland within the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle. The barony of Kendal was placed by Henry VIII. in his new diocese of Chester, of which it remained a part until in 1856 it was constituted the archdeaconry of Westmorland within the diocese of Carlisle.

In 1859 the Westmorland portion of the archdeaconry of Carlisle was subdivided into the deaneries of Appleby, Kirkby Stephen and Lowther; and the additional deanery of Ambleside was formed within the archdeaconry of Westmorland. The only religious See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of any importance in Westmorland was the Premonstratensian See also:

house at Shap founded by See also:

Thomas, son of See also:

GOSPATRIC (fl. 1(367)

Gospatric, in the 12th century. The See also:

early See also:

POLITICAL

political history of Westmorland after the Conquest is a See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of continuous inroads and devastations from the Scots. In the Scottish invasion of the northern counties which followed the See also:

BATTLE

battle of See also:

BANNOCKBURN

Bannockburn Brough and Appleby were burnt, and the county was twice harried by See also:

Robert See also:

Bruce in the ensuing years. In 1385 a battle was fought at Hoff near Appleby against the Scots under See also:

EARL

Earl See also:

Douglas, and in 1388, after See also:

Otter-See also:

BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn, the Scots sacked Appleby with such effect that nine-tenths of it See also:

lay in ruins and was never rebuilt. In the See also:

WARS

Wars of the See also:

ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses, Westmorland, under the See also:

Clifford influence, inclined to favour the Lancastrian cause, but was not actively concerned in the struggle. In the Civil See also:

War of the 17th century the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief families of the county were royalist, and in 1641 See also:

Anne, countess of See also:

Pembroke, hereditary high See also:

SHERIFF

sheriff of the county, garrisoned Appleby See also:

Castle for the king, placing it in See also:

charge of See also:

Sir See also:

Philip See also:

MUSGRAVE, SAMUEL (1732-1780)

Musgrave, the See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of the See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train-bands of Westmorland and Cumberland. In 1642 a memorial was presented to See also:

Charles signed by nearly 5000 of the inhabitants of Westmorland and Cumberland protesting their See also:

LOYALTY

loyalty and readiness to See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice their lives and fortunes in his service. Appleby Castle surrendered in 1648, but the strength of the royalist feeling was shown in the joy which greeted the See also:

NEWS

news of the Restoration, the See also:

mayor of Appleby publicly destroying the See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter which the town had received from See also:

Cromwell. The Jacobite rising of 1745 found many adherents in Westmorland, and a skirmish took place on Clifton See also:

MOOR

Moor between the forces of See also:

Lord See also:

George See also:

Murray and the See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Cumberland. The economic development of Westmorland, both on See also:

account of natural disadvantages and of the ravages of border strife, has been slow and unimportant; the rugged and barren nature of the ground being unfavourable to agricultural prosperity, while the lack of fuel hindered the growth of manufactures. Sheep-farming was carried on in the moorland districts, however, and the Premonstratensian house at Shap supplied See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool to the Florentine and Flemish markets in the 13th and 14th centuries.

The clothing See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, which spread from Kendal to the surrounding districts, is said to have been introduced by one John See also:

KEMPE, JOHN (c. 1380-1454)

Kempe of See also:

FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, who settled there in the reign of See also:

EDWARD

Edward III., and a See also:

STATUTE

statute of 1463 alludes to cloths of a distinct make being manufactured at Kendal. In 1589 the county suffered severely from the ravages of the See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, 2500 deaths being recorded in the deanery of Kendal alone. See also:

SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

Speed, See also:

writing in the 17th century, says of Westmorland that " it is not commended either for plenty of corn or cattle, being neither stored with arable grounds to bring forth the one, nor pasturage to See also:

lead up the other; the principal profit that the See also:

PEOPLE

people of this See also:

province raise unto themselves is by clothing." The See also:

COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb manufacture was established at Kendal in 1700, and about the same time the development of the See also:

BOOT

boot and See also:

SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe See also:

trade to some extent supplemented the loss consequent on the decline of the clothing industry. There were two paper-See also:

mills at Milnthorpe in 1777, one of which existed eighty years before. Westmorland returned two knights for the county to the See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of 1290, and in 1295 two burgesses for the borough of Appleby. Under the Reform See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1832 Appleby was disfranchised and Kendal returned one member. Antiquities.—Notable ecclesiastical buildings are almost entirely wanting in Westmorland, though mention may bemade of the ruins of Shap See also:

Abbey, which lies near the small See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market town of that name in the See also:

BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak upper valley of the Lowther. The Perpendicular western See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and other fragments remain. Late See also:

Norman See also:

WORK

work is preserved in some of the churches, as at Kirkby Lonsdale, and in a few castles. Among the castles, those at Appleby, Brough, Brougham and Kendal are notable, but examples are numerous. Among old houses, Levens See also:

Hall See also:

DATES

dates from the 16th century, and Sizergh Hall embodies part of an ancient castle; both are in the Kendal district. The formal gardens at Levens Hall are remarkable.

Lowther Castle, near Penrith, the seat of the earl of Lonsdale, is a See also:

FINE

fine See also:

MODERN

modern See also:

MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion, in a See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

style more satisfactory in broad effect than in detail. See See also:

Joseph See also:

Nicholson and See also:

Richard Burn, The History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmorland and Cumberland (2 vols., London, 1777); William Whellan, The History and See also:

Topography of the Counties of Cumberland and Westmorland (See also:

PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written " Pomfret ")

Pontefract, 1860); Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society (Kendal, 187o, &c.) ; R. S. See also:

Ferguson, History of Westmorland (Popular County Histories, 1894) ; Sir D. See also:

Fleming, Description of Westmorland (1671); T. See also:

Gibson, Legends and Notes on Places of North Westmorland (London, 1887) ; M. W. See also:

Taylor, Manorial Halls of Westmorland (Kendal, 1892) ; T. See also:

ELLWOOD, THOMAS (1639—1714)

Ellwood, Landnama See also:

BOOK

Book of See also:

ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland as it illustrates the See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

Dialect and Antiquities of Westmorland (Kendal, 1894) ; See also:

Victoria County History, Westmorland.

End of Article: WESTMORLAND

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