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water animals, are but occasionally preserved in stratified rocks, and our know-ledge of extinct members of the class is therefore fragmentary, while the description, as insects, of various obscure fossils, which are perhaps not even Arthropods, has not tended to the See also:

ADVANCEMENT

advancement of this See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of See also:

ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology. Nevertheless, much progress has been made. Several See also:

SILURIAN

Silurian fossils have been identified as insects, including a Thysanuran from See also:

North See also:

AMERICA

America. but upon these considerable doubt has been See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast. The Devonian rocks of See also:

CANADA

Canada (New See also:

Brunswick) have yielded several fossils which are undoubtedly wings of Hexapods. These have been described by S. H. Scudder, and include gigantic forms related to the Ephemeroptera. In the Carboniferous strata (See also:

COAL

Coal See also:

MEASURES

measures) remains of Hexapods become numerous and quite indisputable. Many See also:

EUROPEAN

European forms of this See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age have been described by C. See also:

Brongniart, and See also:

AMERICAN

American by S. H.

Scudder. The latter has established, for all the Palaeozoic insects, an See also:

order Palaeodictyoptera, there being a closer similarity between the fore-wings and the See also:

HIND

hind-wings than is to be seen in most living orders of Hexapoda, while See also:

AFFINITIES

affinities are shown to several of these orders—notably the See also:

ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

Orthoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata and See also:

HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

Hemiptera. It is probable that many of these Carboniferous insects might be referred to the Isoptera, while others would fall into the existing orders to which they are allied, with some modification of our See also:

PRESENT

present diagnoses. Of See also:

SPECIAL

special See also:

INTEREST

interest are cockroach-like forms, with two pairs of similar membranous wings and a See also:

long ovipositor, and gigantic insects allied to the Odonata, that measured 2 ft. across the outspread .wings. A remark-able fossil from the Scottish Coal-measures (Lithomantis) had apparently small wing-like structures on the prothorax, and in allied genera small veined outgrowths—like tracheal gills—occurred on the abdominal segments. To the See also:

PERMIAN

Permian See also:

period belongs a remarkable genus Eugereon, that combines hemipteroid jaws with orthopteroid wing-neuration. With the See also:

DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of the Mesozoic See also:

EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch we reach Hexapods that can be. unhesitatingly referred to existing orders. Froth the Trias of See also:

COLORADO

Colorado, Scudder has described cockroaches intermediate between their Carboniferous precursors and their present-See also:

day descendants, while the existence of endopterygotous Hexapods is shown by the remains of See also:

COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera of several families. In the See also:

JURASSIC

Jurassic rocks are found Ephemeroptera and Odonata, as well as Hemiptera, referable to existing families, some representatives of which had already appeared in the See also:

OLDEST

oldest of the Jurassic ages—the See also:

LIAS

Lias. To the Lias also can be traced back the See also:

NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

Neuroptera, the Trichoptera, the orthorrhaphous See also:

DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera and, according to the determination of certain obscure fossils, also the See also:

Hymenoptera (ants). The Lithographic See also:

stone of Kimmeridgian age, at Solenhofen in See also:

BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, is especially See also:

rich in See also:

INSECT

insect remains, cyclorrhaphous Diptera appearing here for the first See also:

time. In See also:

TERTIARY

Tertiary times the higher Diptera, besides See also:

LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, referable to existing families, become fairly abundant: Numerous fossil insects preserved in the See also:

AMBER

amber of the Baltic Oligocene have been described by G.

L. Mayr and others, while Scudder has studied the rich Oligocene faunas of Colorado (Florissant) and See also:

WYOMING

Wyoming (See also:

Green See also:

RIVER

River). The Oeningen beds of See also:

Baden, of See also:

MIOCENE

Miocene age, have also yielded an extensive insect See also:

FAUNA

fauna, described fifty years ago by O. Heer. Further details of the geological history of the Hexapoda will be found in the special articles on the various orders. Fragmentary as the records are, they show that the Exopterygota preceded the Endopterygota in the See also:

EVOLUTION

evolution of the class, and that among the Endopterygota those orders in which the greatest difference exists between imago and larva—the Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera—were the latest to take their rise.

End of Article: GEOLOGICAL

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