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AFFINITIES

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 368 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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AFFINITIES .—The position of the Nemertines in the See also:

animal See also:kingdom is now looked upon as more isolated than was formerly thought, and See also:recent writers have been inclined to treat them as a See also:separate phylum. Whether this view be adopted or not, and whether the urbellaria be regarded as nearly related or only remotely connected, there can be little doubt that the Nemertines resemble the Turbellaria more nearly than they do any other See also:group of animals. Biirer even goes so far as to homologize the See also:proboscis with the Turbellarfan" Einige Bemerkungen zur Metamorphose See also:des Pilidium," Archie See also:fur Naturgeschichte (1873) ; L. von Graff, Monographie der Tut.. bellarien (1882) ; A. A. W. Hubrecht, " Untersuchungen fiber Nemertinen a. d. See also:Golf von Neapel," Niederl. Archiv fur Zoologie, ii.; Id., " The Genera of See also:European Nemerteans critically revised," Notes from the See also:Leyden Museum (1879) ; Id., " Zar Anatomie u. Physiologie Nervensystems d. Nemertinen," Verh. kon. Akad. v. Wetensch.

(See also:

Amsterdam, 188o), vol. xx.; Id., " The Peripheral See also:Nervous See also:System of the Palaeo- and Schizonemertini, one of the layers of the See also:Body-See also:wall," Quart. See also:Journal of Micr. See also:Science, vol. xx.; Id., " On the Ancestral Forms of the Chordata," lb. (See also:July 1883) ; W. Keferstein, " Untersuchungen fiber niedere Seethiere," Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Zool. vol. xii. (1863); J. von See also:Kennel, " Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Nemertinen," Arbeiten a. d. zool.-zoot. Instil. ii. (Wiirzburg, 1878) ; W. C. Maclntosh, A Monograph of See also:British See also:Annelida: I. Nemerteans (See also:Ray Society, 1873–1874) ; A.

F. See also:

Marion, " Recherches sur See also:les animaux inferieurs du Golfe de Marseille," See also:Ann. des Sc. Nat. (1873) ; E. Metsch,likoff, " Studien fiber See also:die Entwickelung der Echinodermen and Nemertinen," Mein. de l'Acad. See also:Imp. de St Petersb. xiv. (1869) ; Max See also:Schultze, Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien (Greifswald, 1851) and Zeitschr. fur wissensch. Zool. iv. (1852), p. 178; W. B. Benham, Quart.

Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxix. (1896), p. 19; A See also:

Brown, Proc. See also:Roy. See also:Soc. lxi. (1897), p. 28; O. See also:Burger, Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. 1.

(189o), p. 1; Id., Mitt. Zool. St Neapel, x. (1891), p. 206; Id., Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. liii. (1892), p. 322 ; Id., Verh. See also:

Deutsch. zool. Gesellsch. (1893) ; Id., See also:Fauna u.

See also:

Flora d. Golfe d. Neapel, Monograph 22 (1895); A. Dendy, Proc. Roy. Soc. See also:Victoria (,i.s.), iv. (1892), p. 85, v. p. 127 (1891–1892); B. See also:Haller, Arb. Zool.

Inst. Wien, viii. (1889), p. 276; A. A. W. Hubrecht, " Challenger" Reports, xix. (1887) ; L. Joubin, See also:

Arch. Zool. Exper. (2), viii.

(189u), p. 461; Id., ` Nemertines," in See also:

Blanchard's Traite de zoologie (1894) ; J. N. Lebedinsky, Arch. Mikr. Anat. xlix. (1897), p. 503; T. H. See also:Montgomery, Zool. Anzeig. xvii. (1894), pp.

298, 301; Id., Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. lix. (1895), p. 83; Id., Zool. Jahrb. (Anat.) x. (1897), p. i ; A. E. Verrill, Trans. See also:

Connecticut Acad. New Haven, viii. (1892), p.

382; D. Bergendal, Zool. Anzeiger, See also:

xxiii. (1900), p. 313; W. R. See also:Coe, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat.) xii. (1899), p. 425; Id., Trans. Connect.

Acad. ix. (1895), p. 479; Id., Proc. See also:

Wash. Acad. iii. (1901), p. I ; T. H. Montgomery, Journ. Morph., xiii. (1897) p. 381; Id., Zool.

Jahrb. (Anat.) x. (1897), p. 265; R. C. Punnett, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc. xliv. (1900), p. III; Id., Willey's Zool. Results, pt. v.

(1900), p. 569; Id., Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc. xliv. (1901), p. 547; Staub, Semon's Forschungsreisen (5 Bd., 1900) ; C. B. See also:

Thompson, Zool. Anzeiger, xxiii. (1900), pp. 151, 627; C.

B. See also:

Wilson, Quart. Journ. Mic. Sc. xliii. (1900), p. 97. (A. A. W. H.; A. E.

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