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See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
BROWN, See also:JOHN (1800-1859) , See also:American abolitionist, See also:leader of the famous attack upon Harper's See also:Ferry, in 1859, was See also:born on the 9th of May 1800, at See also:Torrington, See also:Connecticut. He is said to have been descended from See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter Brown, who went to See also:America in the See also:Mayflower, and he was the See also:grandson of See also:Captain John Brown, who served i?1 the See also:War of See also:Independence. He was taken by his See also:father, See also:Owen Brown, to See also:Hudson, See also:Ohio, in 18o5. At the See also:age of eighteen he began to prepare himself for the Congregational See also:ministry, but soon changed his mind and turned his attentionto See also:land See also:surveying. He engaged successively in the tanning business, in See also:sheep-raising, and in the See also:wool See also:trade, but met with little success and in 1842, at See also:Akron, Ohio, became bankrupt. In .1849, after having lived in Ohio, See also:Pennsylvania, and See also:Massachusetts, he removed to See also:North See also:Elba, N.Y., where he engaged in farming on See also:part of the land which was being given in small tracts, by its owner Gerrit See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith, to See also:negro settlers. See also:Long before this he had conceived a strong hatred for the institution of See also:slavery, and had determined to do what he could to bring about its destruction. In 1854 five of his sons removed to See also:Kansas, where the violent conflict was beginning between the "See also:free-See also:state " and the See also:pro-slavery settlers, and in the following See also:year Brown, leaving the See also:rest of his See also:family at North Elba, joined them, settling near. See also:Osawatomie and immediately becoming a conspicuous figure in the border warfare. His name became particularly well known in connexion with the so-called " Pottawatomie See also:massacre," the killing in See also:cold See also:blood, on the 25th of May 1856, by men under his orders, of five pro-slavery settlers in See also:retaliation for the See also:murder a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time previously of five " free-state " settlers. He also on the 2nd of See also:June, at the See also:head of about See also:thirty-men, captured Captain H. C. Pate and twenty-two pro-slavery men at See also:Black See also:Jack, and on the 3oth of See also:August 1856, with a small See also:body of supporters, vigorously resisted an attack of a See also:superior pro-slavery force upon Osawatomie. Brown then visited the Eastern states for the purpose of raising See also:money to be used in the Kansas struggle and of arousing the See also:people against slavery. After spending a short time in Kansas, in 1858-1859 he proceeded to carry out a long-cherished See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme for facilitating the See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape of fugitive slaves by establishing in the mountains of See also:Virginia a stronghold in which such fugitives could take See also:refuge and defend themselves against their pursuers. At See also:Chatham, See also:Canada; with eleven See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white and thirty-five negro associates, he adopted a " Provisional Constitution and See also:Ordinance for the People of the See also:United States." Brown was elected See also:commander-in-See also:chief, and from among this See also:group a secretary of state, a secretary of war, a secretary of the See also:treasury, and members of See also:Congress were chosen. Later, with only twenty-two men supplied with arms furnished by the Massachusetts-Kansas See also:committee, and with funds contributed (in See also:ignorance of Brown's plans) by his intimate associates, See also:Theodore See also:Parker, See also:George L. Stearns, T. W. See also:Higginson, and F. B. Sanborn, all of See also:Boston, and Gerrit Smith, of Peterboro, New See also:York, he removed to a See also:farm near Harper's Ferry, the site of a Federal See also:arsenal, which he intended to See also:capture as a preliminary to the carrying out of the See also:main part of his See also:plan. On the See also:night of the 16th of See also:October 1859, with only eighteen men, five of whom were negroes, he made the attack, easily capturing the arsenal and taking about sixty of the leading citizens prisoners to be used as hostages. On the following See also:morning Brown and his followers were vigorously attacked, and on the 18th-a small force of United States See also:marines under See also:Colonel See also:Robert E. See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee having arrived—were overpowered, Brown being seriously wounded after he had surrendered. Of the twenty-two men who had participated in the See also:raid, ten were killed, seven were taken prisoners, and five escaped. On the other See also:side five were killed and nine wounded. Brown was committed to the See also:Charles-See also:town, Virginia (now See also:West Virginia), See also:gaol on the 19th of October; on the 27th his trial began; on the 31st he was convicted of " See also:treason, and conspiring and advising with slaves and other rebels, and murder in the first degree "; and on the 2nd of See also:December he was hanged at See also:Charlestown. His See also:fellow-prisoners were likewise hanged soon afterwards. Brown was buried at North Elba, New York. The attack upon Harper's Ferry created widespread excitement, particularly in the See also:Southern states; and among the abolitionists in the North Brown was looked upon as a See also:martyr to their cause. Shortly after his See also:death a famous popular See also:song became widely current in the North, beginning:
John Brown's body lies a-mouldering in the See also:grave, But his soul goes marching on.
Intensely religious in his nature, Brown possessed something of the gloomy fanaticism of his Puritan ancestors. The See also:secret of his whole career lies, in his emphatic conviction, to use the
words of Wendell See also:Phillips, that he had "letters of marque from See also:God"; that he had a divine See also:commission to destroy slavery by violent means. He scouted the "See also:milk and See also:water principles" of the milder abolitionists, advocated vigorous resistance to the slave See also:power, and expressed his ideas by actions rather than by words. It now seems that this policy aided very little in making Kansas a free state, and that the attack on Harper's Ferry, while creating much feeling at the moment, had very little effect on the subsequent course of events. It is safe to assume that See also:secession and See also:civil war would have followed the See also:election of See also:Lincoln if there had been no such raid into Virginia.
Brown was twice married and was the father of twenty See also:children, eight of whom died in See also:early childhood. His sons aided him in all his undertakings, two of them being killed at Harper's Ferry; and Owen Brown, who died in 1889, was long the only survivor of the attack.
See the See also:life (191o) by O. G. See also:Villard, and F. B. Sanborn's Life and Letters of John Brown (Boston, 1885) ; R. J. See also:Hinton's John Brown and His Men (New York, 1894) ; See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Redpath's Public Life of Captain John Brown (Boston, 186o) ; Von Holst's See also:essay, John Brown (Boston, 1889); and J. F. See also:Rhodes, See also:History of the United States from the See also:Compromise of 1850 (New York, 1890-1906).
End of Article: BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
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