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FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1...

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Originally appearing in Volume V10, Page 290 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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FERRY, JULES See also:FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893) , See also:French statesman, was See also:born at See also:Saint See also:Die (See also:Vosges) on the 5th of See also:April 1832. He studied See also:law, and was called to the See also:bar at See also:Paris, but soon went into politics, contributing to various See also:newspapers, particularly to the Temps. He attacked the See also:Empire with See also:great violence, directing his opposition especially against See also:Baron See also:Haussmann, See also:prefect of the See also:Seine. Elected republican See also:deputy for Paris in 1869, he protested against the See also:declaration of See also:war with See also:Germany, and on the 6th of See also:September 187o was appointed prefect of the Seine by the See also:government of See also:national See also:defence.. In this position he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the See also:siege, and after the See also:Commune was obliged to resign (5th of See also:June 1871). From 1872—1873 he was sent by See also:Thiers as See also:minister to See also:Athens, but returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges, and became one of the leaders of the republican party. When the first republican See also:ministry was formed under W. H. See also:Waddington on the 4th of See also:February 1879, he was one of its members, and continued in the ministry until the 3oth of See also:March 1885, except for two See also:short interruptions (from the loth of See also:November 1881 to the 3oth of See also:January 1882, and from the 29th of See also:July 1882 to the 21st of February 1883), first as minister of See also:education and then as minister of See also:foreign affairs. He was twice premier (188o—r881 and 1883-1885). Two important See also:works are associated with his See also:administration, the non-clerical organization of public education, and the beginning of the colonial expansion of See also:France. Following the republican See also:programme he proposed to destroy the See also:influence of the See also:clergy in the university.

He reorganized the See also:

committee of public education (law of the 27th of February ,88o), and proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees, which, though rejected, aroused violent polemics because the 7th See also:article took away from the unauthorized religious orders the right to See also:teach. He finally succeeded in passing the great law of the 28th of March 1882, which made See also:primary education in France See also:free, non-clerical and obligatory. In higher education the number of professors doubled under his ministry. After the military defeat of France by Germany in 187o, he formed the See also:idea of acquiring a great colonial empire, not to colonize it, but for the See also:sake of economic exploitation. He directed the negotiations which led to the See also:establishment of a French See also:protectorate in See also:Tunis (1881), prepared the treaty of the 17th of See also:December 1885 for the occupation of See also:Madagascar; directed the exploration of the See also:Congo and of the See also:Niger region; and above all he organized the See also:conquest of Indo-See also:China. The excitement caused at Paris by an unimportant See also:reverse of the French troops at See also:Lang-son caused his downfall (3oth of March 1885), but the treaty of See also:peace with China (9th of June 1885) was his See also:work. He still remained an influential member of the moderate republican party, and directed the opposition to See also:General See also:Boulanger. After the resignation of See also:President See also:Grevy (2nd of December 1887), he was a See also:candidate for the See also:presidency of the See also:republic, but the radicals refused to support him, and he withdrew in favour of Sadi See also:Carnot. The violent polemics aroused against him at this See also:time caused a madman to attack him with a revolver, and he died from the See also:wound, on the 17th of March 1893. The chamber of deputies voted him a See also:state funeral. See Edg. Zevort, I4istoire de la troisieme Republique ; A.

See also:

Rambaud, Jules Ferry (Paris, 1903).

End of Article: FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

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