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SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

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Originally appearing in Volume V23, Page 1012 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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See also:

SAINT (See also:lat. sanctus, " See also:holy ") , the See also:term originally applied, e.g. in the New Testament and in the most See also:ancient monuments of See also:Christian thought, to all believers. In this sense it is still used by those See also:modern Christian sects which profess to See also:base their polity on the See also:Bible only (e.g. the See also:Mormons or " Latter See also:Day See also:Saints "). In ancient See also:inscriptions it often means those souls who are enjoying eternal happiness, or the martyrs. Thus we find inscriptions in the Catacombs such as vivas inter sanctos, refrigera cum spiritu sancto, and See also:people were buried ad sanctos. For a See also:long See also:time, too, sanctus was an See also:official See also:title, particularly reserved for bishops (v. Analecta Bollandiana, xviii. 410-411). It was not till almost the 6th See also:century that the word be-came a title of See also:honour specially given to the dead whose cult was publicly celebrated in the churches. It was to the martyrs that the See also:Church first began to pay See also:special honour. We find traces of this in the 2nd See also:half of the 2nd century, in the Martyrium Polycarpi (xviii. 3) in connexion with a See also:meeting to celebrate the anniversary of the See also:martyr's See also:death. Another passage in the same document (xvii.

3) shows clearly that this was not an innovation, but a See also:

custom already established among the Christians. It does not follow that it was henceforth universal. The Church of See also:Rome does not seem to have inscribed in its See also:calendar its martyrs of an earlier date than the 3rd century. The essential See also:form of the cult of the martyrs was that of the honours paid to the illustrious dead; and these honours were officially paid by the community. They consisted in a gathering at the martyr's See also:tomb on the anniversary of his death. St See also:Cyprian, speaking of the confessors who died in See also:prison, wrote to his priests, " Denique et See also:dies eorum, quibus excedunt, adnotate, ut commemorationes eorum inter memorias martyrum celebrare possimus" (Epist. xii. 2). The See also:list of anniversaries of a church formed its See also:Martyrology (q.v.). In the See also:early days each church confined itself to celebrating its own martyrs; but it was not long before it be-came customary to celebrate the anniversaries of martyrs of other churches. In the See also:oldest See also:Roman ferial we already find festivals of Carthaginian martyrs, and similarly, in the Carthaginian calendar, Roman festivals, while See also:Wright's See also:Syriac Martyrology contains numerous traces of this See also:exchange of festivals. From the 5th century onwards certain celebrated saints were honoured almost universally; St See also:Augustine (Sermo, 276, § 4) says that the festival of St See also:Vincent was celebrated throughout the whole of the Christian See also:world. The same was the See also:case of the festivals of St See also:Stephen, St See also:James and St See also:John, and St See also:Peter and St See also:Paul, as is shown by the liturgical documents, but these festivals were held in connexion with that of See also:Christmas (26th, 27th and 28th See also:December), and were not strictly speaking anniversaries.

The calendars at first included only martyrs, but their See also:

scope was gradually widened. The first to find a See also:place in them were the bishops. Apparently they were at first arranged in a See also:series of anniversaries See also:separate from that of the martyrs, as seems to be shown by the existence at Rome of the Depositio episcoporum See also:side by side with the Depositio martyrum; the two lists seem to have been combined, as in the calendar of See also:Carthage, which includes the dies nataliciorum martyrum et depositions episcoporum. Some of the most famous bishops also ended by passing from one calendar into the other. Finally, the ascetics came to See also:share in the honours paid to the martyrs, and we see in the Historia religiosa of See also:Theodoret how quickly this assimilation took place. In times of persecution the martyrs were buried among the See also:rest of the faithful, but one can understand that their tombs, at which gatherings took place at least on the day of their anniversary, were distinguished from the See also:ordinary tombs by some sign. When the See also:peace of the Church permitted it, they were enshrined in chapels and often in sumptuous basilicas. In the See also:West these buildings were raised over the tomb, which was See also:left intact; but in the See also:East there was no hesitation in disturbing the See also:graves of the saints and removing the bodies to a See also:basilica built to receive them. It is in this way that the See also:relics of St Babylas were placed in the See also:sanctuary built by See also:Gallus at See also:Daphne (See also:Socrates, Hist. eccl. iii. 18; See also:Sozomen, Hist. eccl. v. 19). As a See also:matter of fact, the discipline of the Eastern churches with regard to the relics was, from the very beginning, much less severe than that of Rome and a See also:great number of the Western churches.

From the 4th century on are recorded cases of See also:

translation of the bodies of saints, and they did not even shrink from dividing the sacred relics. In the West the principle already laid down by St See also:Gregory the Great in his See also:letter to See also:Constantia, namely that of not disturbing the bodies of the saints, was for a long time the See also:rule in all cases, and the portions distributed to the churches were simply brandea, that is to say, See also:linen which had lain upon the tomb of the saint, or, in other words, representative relics. But as early as the 7th century there is See also:proof of a relaxation of this rule which had so well safeguarded the authenticity of the relics. It was finally disregarded altogether; in the 9th century See also:translations of relics were extremely frequent, and led to inextricable confusion in the future. As to the belief in the efficacy of the prayers of the saints for those still living on See also:earth, and similarly in the efficacy of the prayers addressed to the saints, St See also:Cyril of See also:Jerusalem indicates in the following words the advantages of the See also:commemoration of the saints: " Then we make mention also of those who have fallen asleep before us, first of patriarchs, prophets, apostles, martyrs, that See also:God would at their; prayers and intercessions receive our supplication " (See also:Cat. Myst. v. 9). It is difficult to understand a much-discussed passage of See also:Origen (De oratione, 14), except as applying to See also:prayer addressed to the saints. The Fathers of the 4th century, and notably the Cappadocian Fathers, provide us with a quantity of See also:evidence on this subject, which leaves no doubt as to the practice of the invocation of saints, nor of the See also:complete approval with which it was viewed. St See also:Basil, for example, says: " I accept also the holy apostles, prophets and martyrs, and I See also:call upon them for their intercession to God, that by them, that is by their See also:mediation, the See also:good God may be propitious to me, and that I may be granted redemption for my offences " (Epist. 360). The cult of the saints early met with opposition, in See also:answer to which the Church Fathers had to defend its lawfulness and explain its nature.

The Church of See also:

Smyrna had early to explain its position in this matter with regard to St See also:Polycarp: " We See also:worship See also:Christ, as the Son of God; as to the martyrs, we love them as the disciples and imitators of the See also:Lord " (Martyrium Polycarpi, xvii. 3). St Cyril of See also:Alexandria defends the worship of the martyrs against See also:Julian; St Asterius and Theodoret against the pagans in See also:general, and they all See also:lay emphasis on the fact that the saints are not looked upon as gods by the Christians, and that the honours paid to them are of quite a different See also:kind from the See also:adoration reserved to God alone. St See also:Jerome argued against See also:Vigilantius with his accustomed vehemence, and especially meets the objection based on the resemblance between these See also:rites and those of the pagans. But it is above all St Augustine who in his refutation of Faustus, as well as in his sermons and elsewhere, clearly defined the true See also:character of the honours paid to the saints: " Non eis templa, non eis altaria, non sacrificia exhibemus. Non eis sacerdotes offerunt, absit, Deo praestantur. Etiam apud memorias sanctorum martyrum cum offerimus, nonne Deo offerimus ? . . Quando audistis dici apud memoriam sancti Theogenis: offero tibi, sancte Theogenis: See also:aut ? offero tibi Petro, aut: offero tibi Paule?" (Serino, 273. 7; cf. Contra Faustum, xx. 21).

The undoubted abuses which See also:

grew up, especially during the See also:middle ages, raised up, at the time of the See also:Reformation, fresh adversaries of the cult of the saints. The See also:council of See also:Trent, while reproving all superstitious practices in the invocation of the saints, the veneration of relics and the use of images, expresses as follows the See also:doctrine of the Roman Church: " That the saints who reign with Christ offer to God their prayers for men; that it is good and useful to invoke them by supplication and to have recourse to their aid and assistance in See also:order to obtain from God His benefits through His Son our Saviour Jesus Christ, who alone is our Saviour and Redeemer " (Secs. See also:xxv.). At the See also:present day the See also:canonization (q.v.) of saints is reserved in the Roman Church to the See also:sovereign pontiff. The See also:Anglican Church, while still commemorating many of the See also:Catholic saints, has not, since the Reformation, admitted any new names to the authoritative list, with the single exception of that c.f See also:King See also:Charles I., whose " martyrdom " was celebrated by authority from the Restoration until the See also:year 1859. See D. Petavius, De theologicis dogmatibus, De incarnatione, 1., xiv. ; F. See also:Suarez, Defensio fidei catholicae (against King James I.) ; L. See also:Duchesne, See also:Les Origines du culte chretien, ch. viii. ; E. See also:Lucius, See also:Die Anfange See also:des Heiligenkults (See also:Tubingen, 1904) ; H. R.

See also:

Percival, The Invocation of Saints (See also:London, 1896) ; A. P. See also:Forbes, An Explanation of the See also:Thirty-nine Articles (See also:Oxford, 1878). (H. DE.) ST AFFRIQUE, a See also:town of See also:Southern See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of See also:Aveyron, on the Sorgues, 68 m. N.N.W. of See also:Beziers on a See also:branch See also:line of the railway to Clermont See also:Ferrand. Pop. (1906) town, 4473; See also:commune 6571. An old See also:bridge over the Sorgues and some megaliths in the neighbourhood, especially, the dolmen at Tiergues, are of antiquarian See also:interest. There is considerable See also:trade in See also:wool. and Roquefort See also:cheese. St Affrique grew up in the 6th century around the tomb of St Africain, See also:bishop of Comminges. In the 12th century a fortress was built on the neighbouring See also:rock of See also:Caylus.

The See also:

possession of St Affrique was vigorously contested during the See also:wars of See also:religion. It was eventually occupied by the See also:Huguenots till 1629, when it was seized and dismantled by a royal See also:army. ST ALBANS, EARLS AND See also:DUKES OF. The See also:English title of See also:earl of St Albans was first See also:borne by See also:Richard See also:Bourke, or de See also:Burgh, 4th earl of See also:Clanricarde (d. 1635), who was lord See also:president of See also:Connaught from 1604 to 1616 and See also:governor of See also:Galway in 1616. In 1624 he was made See also:Baron Somerhill and See also:Viscount Tunbridge in the English See also:peerage, and in 1628 earl of St Albans, Baron Imanney and Viscount Galway. He ,became the third See also:husband of Frances, See also:dowager countess of See also:Essex, whose first husband had been See also:Sir See also:Philip See also:Sidney, and his English titles became See also:extinct on the death of his only son, Ulick, 2nd earl of St Albans and See also:marquess of Clanricarde, in 1657. The second creation of an earl of St Albans was in 1660, when See also:Henry, Baron Jermyn, was made an earl under this title; but again it became extinct on his death in 1684. The dukedom of St Albans was created in 1684 in favour of CHARLES BEAUCLERK (1670-1726), a natural son of Charles II. by Nell Gwynne. See also:Born in London on the 8th of May 1670, Charles was made Baron Hedington and earl of See also:Burford in December 1676. He became See also:colonel in the 8th See also:regiment of See also:horse in 1687, and took service with the See also:emperor See also:Leopold I., being present at the See also:siege of See also:Belgrade in 1688. After the See also:battle of -See also:Landen in 1693, See also:William III. made him See also:captain of the gentlemen pensioners, and four years later See also:gentleman of the bedchamber His See also:father had given him the re-version of the See also:office of hereditary See also:master See also:falconer and that of hereditary registrar of the See also:Court of See also:Chancery, which See also:fell vacant in 1698.

His Whig sentiments prevented his See also:

advancement under See also:Anne, but he was restored to favour at the See also:accession of See also:George I. He died at See also:Bath on the loth of May 1726. His wife See also:Diana, daughter and heiress of See also:Aubrey de See also:Vere, last earl of Oxford, was a well-known beauty, who became See also:lady of the bedchamber to See also:Caroline, princess of See also:Wales, and survived until the 15th of See also:January 1742. Charles was succeeded by his eldest son, CHARLES BEAUCLERK, 2nd See also:duke of St Albans (1696-1751), while his youngest son, Lord Aubrey Beauclerk (c. 1710-1741), became a captain in the royal See also:navy, and perished in a fight in the West Indies on the 22nd of See also:March 1741. The second duke's son and See also:heir, GEORGE BEAUCLERK, 3rd duke (1730-1736), was followed by his second See also:cousin, George Beauclerk (1758-1787), 4th duke, who died unmarried, and was succeeded as 5th duke by his cousin, Aubrey Beauclerk (1740-1802). He was succeeded by his son Aubrey, the 6th duke (1765-1815), whose See also:infant son Aubrey, 7th duke (b. 1815), died within a year of his father. The 8th duke, William (1766-1825), was the second son of the 5th duke. His son William (1801-1849), the 9th duke, married the actress See also:Harriot Mellon, widow of the banker See also:Thomas See also:Coutts. She was celebrated for her beauty, and was painted by See also:Romney. Her See also:fortune derived from her first husband passed to her granddaughter Angela, Baroness See also:Burdett-Coutts in her own right.

The 9th duke was succeeded by his son by a second See also:

marriage, William Amelius Aubrey de Vere (1840-1898), whose son, Charles See also:Victor See also:Albert Aubrey de Vere, became the 11th holder of the title. ST ALBANS, HENRY JERMYN, EARL of (c. 1604-1684), was the third son of Sir Thomas Jermyn of Rushbroke, See also:Suffolk. At an early See also:age he won the favour of See also:Queen Henrietta Maria, whose See also:vice-See also:chamberlain he became in 1628, and master of the horse in 1639. He was a consummate courtier, a See also:man of dissolute morals, and much addicted to gambling. He was member for See also:Bury St See also:Edmunds in the Long See also:Parliament and an active and reckless royalist. He took a prominent See also:part in the army See also:plot of 1641, and on its See also:discovery fled to France. Returning to See also:England in 1643, he resumed his See also:personal attendance on the queen, and after being raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn of St Edmunds-bury in that year, he accompanied Henrietta Maria in 1644 to France, where he continued to See also:act as her secretary. In the same year he was made governor of See also:Jersey, whence he conducted the See also:prince of Wales to See also:Paris. He conceived the See also:idea of ceding the Channel Islands to France as the See also:price of See also:French aid to Charles against the parliament; and in other respects also he meddled with See also:foreign politics, his great See also:influence with the queen being a continual embarrassment to royalist statesmen, especially after the See also:execution of Charles I. When Charles II. went to See also:Breda, Jermyn remained in Paris with Henrietta Maria, who persuaded her son to create him earl of St Albans in 166o. See also:Gossip which the historian See also:Hallam accepted as See also:authentic, but which is sup-ported by no real evidence, asserted that Jermyn was secretly married to the widow of Charles I.

At the Restoration St Albans became lord chamberlain, and received other appointments. He supported the policy of friendship with France, and he contributed largely to the See also:

close See also:secret understanding between Charles II. and See also:Louis XIV., being instrumental in arranging the preliminaries of the treaty of See also:Dover in 1668. In 1664 he obtained a See also:grant of See also:land in London near St James's See also:Palace, where Jermyn See also:Street preserves the memory of his name, and where he built the St Albans' See also:market on a site afterwards cleared for the construction of See also:Regent Street and See also:Waterloo Place. The earl, who was a friend and See also:patron of See also:Abraham See also:Cowley, died in St James's Square, for the See also:building of which he had provided the See also:plan in January 1684. St Albans being unmarried, the earldom became extinct at his death, while the See also:barony of Jermyn of St Edmunds-bury passed by special See also:remainder, together with his See also:property, to his See also:nephew Thomas Jermyn, and after the latter's death to Thomas's See also:brother Henry Baron Dover (q.v.). ST ALBANS, a See also:city, municipal See also:borough, and market town in the St Albans See also:parliamentary See also:division of See also:Hertfordshire, England, on the See also:main line of the Midland railway and on branches of the London & See also:North-Western and the Great See also:Northern lines, 20 M. N.W. of London. Pop. (1891) 12,898; (1901) 16,019. St Albans became the seat of a bishop in 1877; the See also:diocese covering the greater part of Essex and Hertfordshire, with small portions of See also:Cambridgeshire, See also:Bedfordshire and See also:Buckinghamshire. The great See also:cathedral, or See also:abbey church, is finely situated on the steep See also:hill, above the small See also:river Ver, on which the central part of the city is placed. See also:Grimthorpe, some of whose See also:work was, and remains, the subject of much adverse See also:criticism.

The abbey's extreme 'length outside is 55o ft., which is exceeded by See also:

Winchester by 6 ft. The See also:nave (292 ft.) is the longest See also:Gothic nave in the world and exceeds that of Winchester by about 20 ft. The length of the transepts is 175 ft. inside. The monastic buildings have all disappeared except the great gateway. St See also:Michael's church, within the site of See also:Verulamium, was originally constructed in the loth century. Considerable portions of the See also:Norman building remain. The church contains the tomb of Lord See also:Chancellor See also:Bacon. St Stephen's church, dating from the same See also:period, contains some good examples of Norman See also:architecture. St Peter's church has been in great part rebuilt, but the Early Perpendicular nave remains. The restored See also:clock-See also:house in the market-place was built by one of the abbots in the reign of Henry VIII. There is an See also:Edward VI. See also:grammar school. The See also:principal modern buildings are the See also:corn exchange, the court-house, the prison, the public See also:baths, a technical school and the public library.

There are two hospitals (one for infectious diseases), a dispensary and almshouses founded in 1734 by Sarah, duchess of See also:

Marlborough. The principal See also:industries are the manufacture of See also:silk, See also:straw-plaiting, See also:brush-making, letterpress and chromo-lithographic See also:printing. There are also breweries and See also:iron-foundries. A public See also:park of 24 acres was opened in 1894, and a recreation ground in 1898. The increase in See also:population is largely due to the growth of a residential See also:district on the outskirts, owing mainly to the convenient proximity to London. The city is governed by a See also:mayor, 4 aldermen, and 12 councillors. See also:Area, 997 acres. To the See also:south-west of the present city of St Albans stood the ancient Verulamium (q.v.), one of the oldest towns in See also:Britain, on Watling Street. The ruins served as a See also:quarry not only to the builders of the Abbey, but also for the other churches and the monastic buildings of St Albans, and Roman bricks are found even in the fabric of the churches of neighbouring villages, as at Sandridge, 22 M. N.E. After being burnt by See also:Boadicea, Verulamium revived, and its church was famous early in the 8th century. The origin of the royal See also:castle of Kingsbury is variously assigned to the 6th and 8th centuries.

In the 9th and loth centuries the abbots enlarged the town, which was confirmed to them as a borough by Henry II. In 1253 a See also:

charter gave borough See also:jurisdiction to the good men of St Albans; but the borough court was, apparently, discontinued for about 200 years after the See also:rebellion of 1381. A charter of 1533, confirmed in 1553 and 1559-1560, incorporated the mayor and burgesses. Charters of 1663, 1664 and 1685, and the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, altered the form of the See also:corporation; and in 1877 St Albans became a city. Two burgesses were returned to the parliament of 1306-1307, and to others, until, after 1336, such right fell into See also:abeyance until its resumption in 1553. Its abolition, as a result of corrupt electioneering practices, took place in 1852. During Wat See also:Tyler's insurrection the monastery was besieged by the townspeople, many of whom were executed in consequence. At St Albans the Lancastrians were defeated on the 21st of May 1455, their See also:leader, the duke of See also:Somerset, being killed, and Henry VT. taken prisoner; here, too, Queen See also:Margaret defeated the earl of See also:Warwick on the 17th of See also:February 1461. During the See also:civil wars the town was garrisoned for the parliament. On a printing See also:press, one of the earliest in the See also:kingdom, set up in the abbey the first English translation of the Bible was printed. See See also:Victoria See also:County See also:History, Herts, vol. ii.; Peter Newcome, The History of the Abbey of St Albans (London, 1793) ; and Chronica monasterii S. See also:Albani, edited by H.

T. See also:

Riley for the " Rolls " series (1863-1876).

End of Article: SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

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