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See also:SOMERSET, See also:EDWARD See also:SEYMOUR, See also:DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552) ,
See also:protector of See also:England, See also:born about 15o6, was the eldest surviving son of See also:Sir See also:John Seymour of See also:Wolf See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, See also:Wiltshire, by his wife See also:Margaret, eldest daughter of Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Wentworth of Nettlested, See also:Suffolk. The Seymours claimed descent from a See also:companion of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the Conqueror, who took his name from St Maur-sur-See also:Loire in See also:Touraine; and the protector's See also:mother was really descended from Edward III. His See also:father was knighted by Henry VII. for his services against the Cornish rebels at See also:Blackheath in 1497, was See also:present at the two interviews between Henry VIII. and See also:Francis I. in 1520 and 1532, and died on the 21st of See also:December 1536. Edward was " enfant d'honneur " to See also:Mary Tudor at her See also:marriage with See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XII. in 1514, served in Suffolk's See also:campaign in See also:France in 1523, being knighted by the duke at Roze on the 1st of See also:November, and accompanied See also:Wolsey on his See also:embassy to France in 1527. Appointed See also:esquire of the See also:body to Henry VIII. in 1529, he See also:grew in favour with the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, who visited his See also:manor at Elvetham in See also:Hampshire in See also:October 1535• On the 5th of See also:June 1536, a See also:week after his See also:sister Jane's marriage to Henry, he was created See also:Viscount See also:Beauchamp of Hache in Somerset, and a fortnight after Edward VI.'s See also:birth in October 1537, he was raised to the earldom of See also:Hertford.
See also:Queen Jane's See also:death was a See also:blow to his prospects, and in 1538 he was described as being " See also:young and See also:wise " but of " small See also:power." He continued, however, to rise in See also:political importance. In 1541, during Henry's See also:absence in the See also:north, Hertford, See also:Cranmer and See also:Audley had the See also:chief management of affairs in See also:London; in See also:September 1542 he was appointed See also:warden of the Scottish See also:marches, and a few months later See also:lord high See also:admiral, a See also:post which he almost immediately relinquished in favour of the future duke of See also:Northumberland (q.v.). In See also:March 1544 he was made See also:lieutenant-See also:general of the north and instructed to punish the Scots for their repudiation of the treaty of marriage between See also:Prince Edward and the See also:infant Mary Queen of Scots. He landed at See also:Leith in May, captured and pillaged See also:Edinburgh, and returned a See also:month later. In See also:July he was appointed lieutenant of the See also:realm under the queen See also:regent during Henry's absence at See also:Boulogne, but in See also:August he joined the king and was present at the surrender of the See also:town. In the autumn he was one of the commissioners sent to See also:Flanders to keep See also:Charles V. to the terms of his treaty with England, and in See also:January 1545 he was placed in command at Boulogne, where on the 26th he brilliantly repelled an See also:attempt of See also:Marshal de Biez to recapture the town. In May he was once more appointed lieutenant-general in the north to avenge the Scottish victory at See also:Ancrum See also:Moor; this he did by a See also:savage foray
into See also:Scotland in September. In March 1 546 he was sent back to Boulogne to supersede See also:Surrey, whose command had not been a success; and in June he was engaged in negotiations for See also:peace with France and for the delimitation of the See also:English conquests. From October to the end of Henry's reign he was in attendance on the king, engaged in that unrecorded struggle for predominance which was to determine the complexion of the See also:government during the coming minority. See also:Personal, political and religious rivalry separated him and See also:Lisle from the Howards, and Surrey's hasty See also:temper precipitated his own and his father's ruin. They could not acquiesce in the Imperial See also:ambassador's See also:verdict that Hertford and Lisle were the only noblemen of See also:fit See also:age and capacity to carry on the government; and Surrey's attempt to secure the predominance of his See also:family led to his own See also:execution and to his father's imprisonment in the See also:Tower.
Their overthrow had barely been accomplished when Henry VIII. died on the 28th of January 1547. Preparations had already been made for a further advance in the ecclesiastical See also:reformation and for a renewal of the See also:design upon Scotland; and the new government to some extent proceeded on the lines which Chapuys anticipated that Henry VIII. would have followed had he lived. He had no statutory power to appoint a protector, but in the See also:council of regency which he nominated Hertford and Lisle enjoyed a decisive preponderance; and the council at its first See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting after Henry's death determined to follow precedent and appoint a protector. Hertford was their only possible choice; he represented the predominant party, he was Edward VI.'s nearest relative, he was See also:senior to Lisle in the See also:peerage and See also:superior to him in experience. Seven See also:weeks later, however, after Lord-See also:Chancellor Wriothesley, the leading See also:Catholic, had been deprived of See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office Hertford, who had been made duke of Somerset, succeeded in emancipating himself from the trammels originally imposed on him as protector; and he became king in everything but name and See also:prestige.
His ideas were in striking contrast with those of most Tudor statesmen, and he used his authority to divest the government of that apparatus of See also:absolutism which See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Cromwell had perfected. He had generous popular sympathies and was by nature averse from See also:coercion. " What is the See also:matter, then ? " wrote See also:Paget in the midst of the commotions of 1549, " By my faith, sir, . . . See also:liberty, liberty. And your See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace would have too much gentleness." In his first See also:parliament, which met in November 1547, he procured the See also:repeal of all the See also:heresy See also:laws and nearly all the See also:treason laws passed since Edward III. Even with regard to Scotland he had protested against his instructions of 1544, and now ignored the claim to See also:suzerainty which Henry VIII. had revived, seeking to win over the Scots by those promises of See also:autonomy, See also:free See also:trade, and equal privileges with England, which many years later eventually reconciled them to See also:union. But the Scots were not thus to be won in 1547: " What would you say," asked one, " if your lad were a lass, and our lass were a lad? " and Scottish sentiment backed by See also:Roman Catholic See also:influence and by See also:French intrigues, See also:money and men, proved too strong for Somerset's amiable invitations. The Scots turned a See also:deaf See also:ear to his persuasions; the protector led another See also:army into Scotland in September 1547, and won the See also:battle of Pinkie (See also:Sept. ro). He trusted to the garrisons he established throughout the Lowlands to See also:wear down Scottish opposition; but their pressure was soon weakened by troubles in England and abroad, and Mary was transported to France to wed Francis II. in 1557.
Somerset apparently thought that the religious question could be settled by public discussion, and throughout 1547 and 1548 England went as it pleased so far as See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church services were concerned; all sorts of experiments were tried, and the See also:country was involved in a See also:grand theological debate, in which See also:Protestant refugees from abroad hastened to join. The result convinced the protector that the government must prescribe one See also:uniform See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order which all should be persuaded or constrained to obey; but the first See also:Book of See also:Common See also:Prayer, which was imposed by the first See also:Act of Uniformity in 1549, was a studious See also:compromise between the new and the old learning, very different from theaggressive Protestantism of the second See also:hook imposed after Somerset had been removed, in 1552. The Catholic risings in the See also:west in 1549 added to Somerset's difficulties, but were not the cause of his fall.
The factious and treasonable conduct of his See also:brother, the lord high admiral, in whose execution (March 20, 1549) the protector weakly acquiesced, also impaired his authority; but the See also:main cause of his ruin was the divergence between him and the See also:majority of the council over the questions of constitutional liberty and enclosures of the See also:commons. The majority scouted Somerset's notions of liberty and deeply resented his championship of the poor against greedy landlords and capitalists. His efforts to check enclosures by means of See also:parliamentary legislation, royal proclamations, and commissions of inquiry were openly resisted or secretly foiled, and the popular revolts which their failure provoked cut the ground from Somerset's feet. He was divided in mind between his sympathy with the rebels and his See also:duty to maintain See also:law and order. France, which was See also:bent on ruining the protector's schemes in Scotland and on recovering Boulogne, seized the opportunity to declare See also:war on August the 8th; and the outlying forts in the Boulonnais See also:fell into their hands, while the Scots captured See also:Haddington.
These misfortunes gave a handle to Somerset's enemies. See also:Warwick combined on the same temporary See also:platform Catholics who resented the Book of Common Prayer, Protestants who thought Somerset's mildness paltering with See also:God's truth, and the wealthy classes as a whole. In September he concerted See also:measures with the ex-lord-chancellor Wriothesley; and in October, after a vain effort to rouse the masses in his favour, Somerset was deprived of the See also:protectorate and sent to the Tower. But the hostile See also:coalition See also:broke up as soon as it had to See also:frame a constructive policy; Warwick jockeyed the Catholics out of the council and prepared to advance along Protestant lines. He could hardly combine proscription of the Catholics with that of Somerset, and the duke was released in See also:February 1550. For a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the rivals seemed to agree, and Warwick's son married Somerset's daughter. But growing discontent with Warwick made Somerset too dangerous. In October 1551, after Warwick had been created duke of Northumberland, Somerset was sent to the Tower on an exaggerated See also:charge of treason, which broke down at his trial. He was, however, as a sort of compromise, condemned on a charge of See also:- FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel
felony for having sought to effect a See also:change of government. Few expected that the See also:sentence would be carried out, and apparently Northumberland found it necessary to forge an instruction from Edward VI. to that effect. Somerset was executed on the 22nd of January 1552, dying with exemplary See also:patience and fortitude. His eldest son by his second wife was re-created See also:earl of Hertford by See also:Elizabeth, and his See also:great-See also:grandson William was restored as 2nd duke of Somerset in 166o. His See also:children by his first wife had been disinherited owing to the See also:jealousy of his second; but their descendants came into the titles and See also:property when the younger See also:line died out in 1750.
See A. F. See also:Pollard's England Under Protector Somerset (190o; full bibliography, pp. 327-330), also his See also:article in Dict. Nat. Biog. and vol. vi. of Political See also:History of England (191o). (A. F.
End of Article: SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
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