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See also:AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the See also:form sometimes still used in See also:America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. See also:Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba sciare or ambactiare, " to go on a See also:mission, to do or say anything in another's name," from Lat. ambactus,' a See also:vassal or servant; see Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v. ambasciare), a public See also:minister of the first See also:rank, accredited and sent by the See also:head of a See also:sovereign See also:state as his See also:personal representative to negotiate with a See also:foreign See also:government, and to See also:watch over the interests of his own nation abroad. The See also:power thus conferred is defined in the See also:credentials or letters of See also:credence of which the ambassador is the See also:bearer, and in the instructions under the sign-See also:manual delivered to him. The credentials consist of a sealed See also:letter addressed by the sovereign whom the ambassador represents to the sovereign to whom he is accredited, and they embody a See also:general assurance that the sovereign by whom the ambassador is sent will confirm whatever is done by the ambassador in his name. In See also:Great See also:Britain letters of credence are under the royal sign-manual, and are not countersigned by a minister. Ambassadors are distinguished as See also:ordinary and extraordinary, which implied originally the difference between a permanent mission and one appointed to conduct a particular negotiation. The See also:style of ambassador extraordinary is, however, now often given to a minister accredited to a See also:court for an in-definite See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time and implies a somewhat more dignified rank.
By the See also:protocol of the loth of See also:March 1815, afterwards embodied in the treaty of See also:Vienna (1815) and confirmed by an See also:instrument signed by the five great See also:powers at See also:Aix-la-Chapelle on the 21st of See also:November 1818, it was finally determined that " ambassadors and papal legates and nuncios alone have a representative See also:character," i.e. in the most exalted and See also:peculiar sense, as representing the See also:person of the sovereign, or the head of a See also:republic, as well as the state to which they belong. It follows that only states enjoying " royal honours," i.e. empires, kingdoms, See also:grand duchies, the great republics (e.g. See also:France, See also:Switzerland, the See also:United States of America) and the See also:Holy See, have the right to send or to receive ambassadors. By See also:custom it has moreover been established that, as a general See also:rule, only the greater " royal states " are represented by ambassadors, and then only when these are accredited to states esteemed, for one See also:reason or another, to be of equal rank. Thus the promotion of the See also:Japanese legations in See also:Europe and the United States to the rank of embassies, and the corresponding See also:change in the See also:representation of the various
1 Ambactus is explained by See also:Festus (See also:Paulus Diaconus ex Festo, ed. C. O. See also:- MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
- MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
- MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
- MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
- MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
- MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
- MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
- MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
- MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
- MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)
Muller) as a Gallic word used by See also:Ennius and meaning servus. See also:Caesar (De See also:Bello Gallico, vi. 15) says of the Gallic See also:equites, " atque eorum ut quisque est genre copiisque amplissimus, plurimos circunt se ambactos clientesque habent." Accepting the See also:Celtic origin of the word, it has been connected with the Welsh amaeth, a tiller of the ground. A See also:Teutonic origin has been suggested in the Old High Ger. ambaht, a See also:retainer, which appears in a Scandinavian word amboht, bondwoman or maid, in the Ormulum (c. 1200).
powers at Tokio, marked in 19o5 the definite recognition of See also:Japan as a great power. To this rule the United States of America See also:long remained an exception, and was content, in accordance with the tradition of republican simplicity, to be represented abroad only by ministers of the second rank. The subordinate position given to the representatives of so great a power, however, inevitably led to many inconveniences, and in 1893 an See also:act of See also:Congress empowered the See also:president to accredit ambassadors to the great powers.
The distinction between an ambassador and ministers of the second rank is one rather of rank and dignity than of power or functions. His See also:special immunities he shares with other See also:diplomatic representatives of all classes. The peculiar See also:privilege which he claims of See also:free See also:access to the sovereign has, in See also:common practice, been reduced to the right of being received on presenting his credentials in public or private See also:audience by the sovereign in person, it being obviously against public policy that a foreign representative should negotiate with the ruler otherwise than through his responsible ministers. In Great Britain the sovereign, when granting an audience to a foreign ambassador, is always attended by one or more ministers, and the same is usual in other states.
An ambassador, however, unless specially armed with plenary authority, cannot decide any questions beyond his instructions without reference to his government. Thus See also:Lord See also:Londonderry (Lord See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
Stewart), who represented Great Britain at the conferences of See also:Troppau in 182o and See also:Laibach in 1821, had See also:riot the same See also:standing as the plenipotentiaries of the other powers See also:present, and efforts were even made to exclude him from some of the more important discussions in consequence, not on the ground of inferior rank but of defective powers.
Socially, the position of an ambassador is one of great dignity. The pomp and magnificence which in earlier days characterized his progresses and his " entries " are indeed no longer observed. He is received, however, by the sovereign to whom he is accredited with elaborate state, of which every detail is minutely regulated, and ranks, as representing his own sovereign, next to the princes of the See also:blood in the court where he resides. The controversies that once raged as to the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:precedence of the various ambassadors accredited to any one court were settled by the See also:treaties already mentioned, it being decided that they should rank in order of seniority according to the date of the presentation of their credentials. In See also:Roman See also:Catholic countries, however—as in France before the See also:abrogation of the See also:concordat,—the position of See also:doyen (See also:dean) of the diplomatic See also:body is given by See also:courtesy to the See also:nuncio of the See also:pope.
The special immunities and privileges enjoyed by ambassadors are dealt with in the articles EXTERnITORIALITY and See also:DIPLOMACY. See also the latter for the See also:history of the subject.
The most authoritative See also:modern See also:hand-See also:book on the subject is See also:Charles de See also:Martens, See also:Manuel diplomatique(See also:Paris, 1822 ; new ed., 1868). See also See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Wheaton, Hist. of the See also:Law of Nations (New See also:York, 1845) ; L. See also:Oppenheim, See also:International Law (See also:London, 1905) ; and the See also:list of books attached to the See also:article DIPLOMACY. (W. A.
End of Article: AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba
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