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STEWART, STUART

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Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 912 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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STEWART, See also:STUART or See also:STEUART, the surname of a See also:family which inherited the Scottish and ultimately the See also:English See also:crown. Their descent is traced to a See also:Breton immigrant, Alan the son of Flaald, which Flaald was a See also:brother of Alan, steward (or See also:seneschal) of See also:Dol in See also:Brittany. This See also:elder Alan, whose name occurs in Breton documents before ro8o, went on crusade in Io97, and was apparently succeeded by his brother Flaald, whose son, the younger Alan, enjoyed the favour of See also:Henry I., who bestowed on him Mileham and its See also:barony in See also:Norfolk, where he founded Sporle Priory. By the daughter of Ernulf de Hesdin (in See also:Picardy), a Domesday See also:baron, he was See also:father of at least three sons: See also:Jordan, who succeeded to the family See also:office of steward of Doi; See also:William, who inherited Mileham and other estates in See also:England, and who founded the See also:great baronial See also:house of Fitz Alan (afterwards earls of See also:Arundel); and See also:Walter, who was made by See also:David I. steward (dapifer) or seneschal of See also:Scotland. The Scottish See also:king conferred on Walter various lands in See also:Renfrewshire, including See also:Paisley, where he founded the abbeyin 1163. Walter, his See also:grandson, third steward, was appointed by See also:Alexander II. See also:justiciary of Scotland, and, dying in 1246, See also:left four sons and three daughters. The third son, Walter, obtained by See also:marriage the earldom of See also:Menteith, which ultimately came by marriage to See also:Robert, See also:duke of See also:Albany, son of Robert II. Alexander, See also:fourth steward, the eldest son of Walter, third steward, inherited by his marriage with See also:Jean, granddaughter of Somerled, the islands of See also:Bute and See also:Arran, and on the 2nd of See also:October 1263 led the Scots against See also:Haakon IV., king of See also:Norway, at See also:Largs. He had two sons, See also:James and See also:John. The latter, who commanded the men of Bute at the See also:battle of See also:Falkirk in 1298, had seven sons: (1) See also:Sir Alexander, whose grandson See also:George became in 1389 See also:earl of See also:Angus, the See also:title afterwards passing in the See also:female See also:line to the Douglases, and in 1761 to the duke of See also:Hamilton; (2) Sir Alan of Dreghorn, ancestor of the earls and See also:dukes of See also:Lennox, from whom See also:Lord See also:Darnley, See also:husband of See also:Queen See also:Mary, and also See also:Lady Arabella Stuart, were descended; (3) Sir Walter, who obtained the barony of Garlies, See also:Wigtownshire, from his See also:uncle John See also:Randolph, earl of See also:Moray, and was the ancestor of the earls of See also:Galloway, younger branches of the family being the Stewarts of Tonderghie, Wigtoi, nshire, and also those of Physgill and Glenturk in the same See also:county; (}) Sir James, who See also:fell at Dupplin in 1332, ancestor of the lords of Lorn, on whose descendants were conferred at different periods the earldoms of Athole, See also:Buchan and See also:Traquair, and who were also the progenitors of the Stewarts of See also:Appin, See also:Argyll-See also:shire, and of Grandtully, See also:Perthshire; (5) Sir John, killed at Halidon See also:Hill in 1333; (6) Sir See also:Hugh, who fought under See also:Edward See also:Bruce in See also:Ireland; and (7) Sir Robert of Daldowie, ancestor of the Stewarts of Allanton and of Coltness. James Stewart, the elder son of Alexander, fourth steward, succeeded his father in 1283, and, after distinguishing himself in the See also:wars of See also:Wallace and of Bruce, died in 1309. His son Walter, See also:sixth steward, who had See also:joint command with Sir James See also:Douglas of the left wing at the battle of See also:Bannockburn, married Marjory, daughter of Robert the Bruce, and during the latter's See also:absence in Ireland was entrusted with the See also:government of the See also:kingdom.

He died in 1326, leaving an only son, who as Robert II. ascended the See also:

throne of Scotland in 1371. Sir Alexander Stewart, earl of Buchan, fourth son of Robert II., who earned by his ferocity the title of the " See also:Wolf of See also:Badenoch," inherited by his wife the earldom of See also:Ross, but died without legitimate issue, although from his illegitimate offspring were descended the Stewarts of Belladrum, of Athole, of See also:Garth, of Urrard and of St Fort. On the See also:death of the " Wolf of Badenoch" the earldom of Buchan passed to his brother See also:Roberts duke of Albany, also earl of See also:Fife and earl of Menteith, but these earldoms were forfeited on the See also:execution of his son Murdoch in 1425, the earldom of Buchan again, however, coming to the house of Stewart in the See also:person of James, second son of Sir James Stewart, the See also:black See also:knight of Lorn, by See also:Joan or See also:Joanna, widow of 'King James I. From Murdoch, duke of Albany, were descended the Stewarts of Ardvoirlich and other families of the name in Perthshire, and alsothe Stuarts of. Inchbreck and Laithers, See also:Aberdeenshire. From a natural son of Robert II. were depended the Steuarts of Dalguise, Perthshire, and from a natural son of Robert III. the See also:Shaw Stewarts of Blackhall and See also:Greenock. The See also:direct male line of the royal family terminated with the death of James V. in 1542, whose daughter Mary was the first to adopt the spelling " Stuart." Mary was succeeded in her lifetime in 1567 by her only son James VI., who through his father Lord Darnley was also See also:head of the second See also:branch, there being no surviving male issue of the family from progenitors later than Robert II. In James V., son of James IV. by See also:Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., the claims of Margaret's descendants became merged in the Scottish line, and on the death of Queen See also:Elizabeth of England, the last surviving descendant of Henry VIII., James VI. of Scotland, lineally the nearest See also:heir, was proclaimed king of England, in accordance with the arrangements made by Lord See also:Burghley and Elizabeth's other advisers. The See also:accession of James, was, however, contrary to the will of Henry VIII., which favoured the heirs of his younger See also:sister Mary, wife of See also:Charles See also:Brandon, duke of See also:Suffolk, whose See also:succession would probably have marvellously altered the complexion of both Scottish and English See also:history. As it was, the only result of that will was a tragedy initiated by Elizabeth and consummated by James. In the Scottish line the nearest heir after James VI., both to the Scottish and English crowns, was Arabella Stuart, only See also:child of Charles, earl of Lennox, younger brother of Lord Darnley—Lady Margaret Douglas, the See also:mother of Darnley and his brother, having been the daughter of See also:Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, by Margaret of England, queen See also:dowager of James IV. James VI.

(I. of England) was thus nearest heir by a See also:

double descent, Arabella Stuart being next heir by a single descent. On See also:account of the descent from Henry VII., the See also:jealousy of Elizabeth had already caused her to imprison Arabella's mother Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William See also:Cavendish, on learning that she had presumed to marry Lennox. The daughter's marriage she was determined by every possible means to prevent. She objected when King James proposed to marry her to Lord Esme Stuart, whom he had created duke of Lennox, but when the appalling See also:news reached her that Arabella had actually found a See also:lover in Edward See also:Seymour, grandson of See also:Catherine See also:Grey, heiress of the Suffolks, she was so deeply alarmed and indignant that. she immediately ordered her imprisonment. This happened immediately before Elizabeth's death, after which she obtained her See also:release. Soon after the accession of James a See also:conspiracy, of which she was altogether ignorant, was entered into to advance her to the throne, but this caused no alteration in her treatment by James, who allowed her a See also:maintenance of £Soo a See also:year. In See also:February 1610 it was discovered that she was engaged to Seymour, and, although she then promised never to marry him without the king's consent, the marriage took See also:place secretly in See also:July following. In consequence of this her husband was sent to the See also:Tower and she was placed in private confinement. Though separated, both succeeded in escaping simultaneously on the 3rd of See also:June 1611; but, less fortunate than her husband, who got safe to the See also:Continent, she was captured in the straits of See also:Dover and shut up in the Tower of See also:London. Her hopeless captivity deprived her of her See also:reason before her sorrows were ended by death, on the 27th of See also:September 1615. By the usurpation of See also:Cromwell the Stuarts were excluded from the throne from the defeat of Charles I. at See also:Naseby in 1645 until the restoration of his son Charles II. in 1660. See also:Carlyle refers to the See also:opinion of genealogists that Cromwell " was indubitably either the ninth or the tenth or some other fractional See also:part of See also:half a See also:cousin of Charles Stuart," but this has been completely exploded by Walter See also:Rye in the Genealogist (" The Steward See also:Genealogy and Cromwell's Royal Descent," new See also:series, vol. ii. pp.

34-42). On the death of Charles II. without issue in 1685, his brother James, duke of See also:

York, ascended the throne as James II. but he so alienated the sympathies of the nation by his unconstitutional efforts to further the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:religion that an invitation was sent to the See also:prince of See also:Orange to come " to the See also:rescue of the See also:laws and religion of England." Next to the son of James II., still an See also:infant under his father's See also:control, Mary, princess of Orate, elder daughter of James II., had the strongest claim to the crown; but the claims of the prince of Orange also, even apart from his marriage, were not very remote, since he was the son of Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I. The marriage had strengthened the claims of both, and they were proclaimed joint sovereigns of England on the 12th of February 1689, Scotland following the example of England on the 11th of See also:April. They left no issue, and the See also:Act of See also:Settlement passed in 1701, excluding Roman Catholics from the throne, secured the succession to See also:Anne, second daughter of James II., and on her death without issue to the See also:Protestant house of See also:Hanover, descended from the princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., wife of See also:Frederick V., See also:count See also:palatine of the See also:Rhine. On the death of Anne in 1714, George, elector of Hanover, eldest son of See also:Sophia (youngest child of the princess Elizabeth), and Ernest, elector of See also:Brunswick-See also:Luneburg, or Hanover, consequently became See also:sovereign of Great See also:Britain and Ireland, and, notwithstanding somewhat formidable attempts in behalf of the elder Stuart line in 1715 and 1745, the Hanoverian succession has remained uninterrupted and has ultimately won universal assent. The female issue of James II. ended with the death of his daughter, Queen Anne. James, called James III. by the See also:Jacobites and the Old Pretender by the Hanoverians, had two sons—Charles Edward, the See also:Young Pretender, who died without legitimate issue in 1780, and Henry Stuart, titular duke of York, commonly called See also:Cardinal York, on whose death in 1807 the male line of James II. came to an end. Henry was also the last descendant in the lineal male line of any of the crowned heads of the See also:race, so far as either England or See also:Scot-See also:land was concerned. In the female line, however, there are among the descendants of James I. representatives of the royal Stuarts who are See also:senior to the house of Hanover, for See also:Philip, duke of See also:Orleans (brother of See also:Louis XIV.), married, as his first wife, Henrietta daughter of Charles I., and, as his second, See also:Charlotte, granddaughter and heiress of the princess Elizabeth (daughter of James I.). By the former, through their daughter, the queen of See also:Sardinia, he was ancestor, among others, of the princess Maria See also:Theresa of See also:Bavaria, who in 1910 was " heir of line " of the house of Stuart, her eldest son, Prince See also:Rupert, being heir to the throne of Bavaria; and from his second marriage descends the house of Orleans. In addition to those descended from these two marriages there are also the descendants of Edward, a brother of the electress Sophia. The male See also:representation of the family, being See also:extinct in the royal lines, is claimed by the earls of Galloway and also by the Stewarts of Castlemilk`, but the claims of both are more than doubtful.

See Sir George See also:

Mackenzie, See also:Defence of the Royal Line of Scotland (1685), and Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland (1686) ; See also:Crawfurd, Genealogical History of the Royal and Illustrious Family of the Stuarts (1710); See also:Duncan Stewart, Genealogical Account of the Surname of Stewart (1739); See also:Andrew Stuart, Genealogical History of the Stuarts (1798) ; Stodart, House of Stuart (privately printed, 1855) ; An Abstract of the See also:Evidence to Prove that Sir William Stewart of Jedworth, the Paternal Ancestor of the See also:Present Earl of Galloway, was the Second Son of Sir Alexander Stewart of Darnley (18o1); Riddell, Stewartiana (1843) ; \\%. Townend, Descendants of the Stuarts (1858) ; R. W. Eyton, History of See also:Shropshire (1858), vol. vii.; See also:Bailey, The Succession to the English Crown (1879); See also:Skelton, The Royal House of Stuart (189o) ; J. H See also:Round, Studies in See also:Peerage and Family History (1901) ; and S. Cowan, The Royal House of Stuart (1908). The best See also:chart See also:pedigree of the house is that which was prepared for the Stuart See also:Exhibition by \V. A. See also:Lindsay.

End of Article: STEWART, STUART

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