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GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (1731-1803)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 422 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GALLOWAY, See also:JOSEPH (1731-1803) , See also:American lawyer and politician, one of the most prominent of the See also:Loyalists, was See also:born in See also:West See also:River, See also:Anne See also:Arundel See also:county, See also:Maryland, in 1731. He See also:early removed to See also:Philadelphia, where he acquired a high See also:standing as a lawyer. From 1756 until 1774 (except in 1764) he was one of the most influential members of the See also:Pennsylvania See also:Assembly, over which he presided in 1766-1773. During this See also:period, with his friend See also:Benjamin See also:Franklin, he led the opposition to the Proprietary See also:government, and in 1764 and 1765 attempted to secure a royal See also:charter for the See also:province. With the approach of the crisis in the relations between See also:Great See also:Britain and the American colonies he adopted a conservative course, and, while recognizing the See also:justice of many of the colonial complaints, discouraged See also:radical See also:action and advocated a See also:compromise. As a member of the First See also:Continental See also:Congress, he introduced (28th See also:September 1774) a " See also:Plan of a Proposed See also:Union between Great Britain, and the Colonies," and it is for this chiefly that he is remembered. It provided for a See also:president-See also:general appointed by the See also:crown, who should have supreme executive authority over all the colonies, and for a See also:grand See also:council, elected triennially by the several provincial assemblies, and to have such " rights, liberties and privileges as are held and exercised by and in the See also:House of See also:Commons of. Great Britain "; the president-general and grand council were to be " an inferior distinct See also:branch of the See also:British legislature, See also:united and incorporated with it." The assent of. the grand council and of the British See also:parliament was to be " requisite to the validity of all . . . general acts or statutes," except that " in See also:time of See also:War, all bills for granting aid to the crown, prepared by the grand council and approved by the president-general, shall be valid and passed into a See also:law, without the assent of the British parliament." The individual colonies, however, were to retain See also:control over their strictly See also:internal affairs. The measure was debated at length, was advocated by such influential members as See also:John See also:Jay and See also:James Duane of New See also:York and See also:Edward See also:Rutledge of See also:South Carolina, and was eventually defeated only by the See also:vote of six colonies to five. Galloway declined a second See also:election to Congress in 1775, joined the British See also:army at New See also:Brunswick, New See also:Jersey (See also:December 1776), advised the British to attack Philadelphia by the See also:Delaware, and during the British occupation of Philadelphia (1777–1778) was See also:superintendent of the See also:port, of prohibited articles, and of See also:police of the See also:city. In See also:October 1778 he went to See also:England, where he remained until his See also:death at See also:Watford, See also:Hertfordshire, on the 29th of See also:August 1803.

After he See also:

left See also:America his See also:life was attainted, and his See also:property, valued at £40,000, was confiscated by the Pennsylvania Assembly, a loss for which he received a partial recompense in the See also:form of a small See also:parliamentary See also:pension. He was one of the clearest thinkers and ablest See also:political writers among the American Loyalists, and, according to Prof. See also:Tyler, " shared with See also:Thomas See also:Hutchinson the supreme See also:place among American statesmen opposed to the Revolution." Among his See also:pamphlets are A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies (1775); See also:Historical and Political Reflections on the Rise and Progress of the American See also:Rebellion (178o) ; Cool Thoughts on the Consequences to Great Britain of American See also:Independence (1780); and The Claim of the American Loyalists Reviewed and Maintained upon Incontrovertible Principles of Law and Justice (1788). See Thomas Balch (Ed.), The Examination of Joseph Galloway by a See also:Committee of the House of Commons (Philadelphia, 1855) ; Ernest H. See also:Baldwin, Joseph Galloway, the Loyalist Politician (New Haven, 1903) ; and M. C. Tyler, See also:Literary See also:History of the American Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1897).

End of Article: GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (1731-1803)

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