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PAMPHLETS

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 662 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PAMPHLETS . The earliest See also:

appearance of the word is in the Philobiblon (1344) of See also:Richard de See also:Bury, who speaks of " panfletos exiguos " (ch. viii.). In See also:English we have " this lend pamflet" (Test. of Love, bk. iii.), See also:Occleve's "Though that this pamfilet " (Reg. of Pr. 2060), See also:Lydgate's " Whiche is a paunflet " (See also:Minor Poems; 18o) and See also:Caxton's "paunflettis and bookys " (See also:Book of Eneydos, 1490, See also:Prologue). In all these examples pamphlet is used to indicate the extent of the See also:production, and in contradistinction to book. A See also:short See also:codicil in a will of 1495 is called "this pampelet" (Test. Ebor. iv. 26). In the 17th See also:century the word was used for single plays, poems, See also:newspapers and See also:news letters (See also:Murray's New English See also:Diet. vii. 410). Not till the 18th century did pamphlet begin to assume its See also:modern meaning of See also:prose controversial See also:tract. " Pamphlet " and " pamphletaire " are of comparatively See also:recent introduction into See also:French from the English, and generally indicate fugitive See also:criticism of a more severe, not to say libellous, See also:character than with us.

The derivation of the word is a subject of contention among etymologists. The supposed origin from the amatory poem of " See also:

Pamphilus," and a certain Panlphila, an author of the 1st century, may be dismissed as fanciful. The experts are also undecided as to what is actually understood by a pamphlet. Some bibliographers apply the See also:term to everything, except See also:periodicals, of See also:quarto See also:size and under, if not more than fifty pages, while others would limit its application to two or three sheets of printed See also:matter which have first appeared in an unbound See also:condition. These are merely See also:physical peculiarities, and include academical See also:dissertations, See also:chap-books and broad-sides, which from their See also:special subjects belong to a See also:separate class from the pamphlet proper. As regards its See also:literary characteristics, the See also:chief notes of a pamphlet are brevity and spontaneity. It has a distinct aim, and relates to some matter of current See also:interest, whether See also:personal, religious, See also:political or literary. Usually intended to support a particular See also:line of See also:argument, it may be descriptive, controversial, didactic or satirical. It is not so much a class, as a See also:form of literature, and from its ephemeral character represents the changeful currents of public See also:opinion more closely than the bulky See also:volume published after the formation of that opinion. The See also:history of pamphlets being the entire See also:record of popular feeling, all that is necessary here is to briefly indicate the chief families of political and religious pamphlets which have exercised marked See also:influence, and more particularly in those countries—See also:England an& See also:France—where pamphlets have made so large a figure in influencing thoughts and events. It is difficult to point out much in See also:ancient literature which precisely answers to our modern view of the pamphlet. The libelli famosi of the See also:Romans were simply abusive pasquinades.

Some of the small See also:

treatises of See also:Lucian, the lost See also:Anti-See also:Cato of See also:Caesar, See also:Seneca's Apocolocyntosis written against See also:Claudius, See also:Julian's Kataapes f7 avpiroacov and 'Avatoxiads 1 w o7rWywv, from their See also:general application, just See also:escape the See also:charge of being See also:mere satires, and may therefore claim to See also:rank as See also:early specimens of the pamphlet. At the end of the 14th century the Lollard doctrines were widely circulated by means of the tracts and leaflets of Wyclif and his followers. The Ploughman's See also:Prayer and Lanthorne of See also:Light, which appeared about the See also:time of Oldcastlg's martyrdom, were extremely popular, and similar brief See also:vernacular pieces became so See also:common that it was thought necessary in 1418 to enact that persons in authority should See also:search out and apprehend all persons owning English books. The printers of the 15th century produced many controversial tractates, and Caxton and Wynkin de Worde printed in the lesser form. It was in France that the See also:printing-See also:press first began to See also:supply See also:reading for the Common See also:people. During the last twenty years of the 15th century there arose an extensive popular literature of farces, tales in See also:verse and prose, satires, almanacs, &c., extending to a few leaves apiece, and circulated by the itinerant booksellers still known as colporteurs. These folk-books soon spread from France to See also:Italy and See also:Spain, and were introduced into England at the beginning of the 16th century, doubtless from the same See also:quarter, as most of our early chap-books are See also:translations or adaptations from the French. Another form of literature even more transient was the See also:broadside, or single See also:sheet printed on one See also:side only, which appears to have flourished principally in England, but which had been in use from the first invention of printing for papal indulgences, royal proclamations and similar documents. Throughout western See also:Europe, about the See also:middle of the 16th century, the broadside made a consider-able figure in times of political agitation. In England it was chiefly used for See also:ballads, which soon became so extremely popular that during the first ten years of the reign of See also:Elizabeth the names of no less than See also:forty ballad printers appear in the Stationers' registers. The humanist See also:movement at the beginning of the 16th century produced the famous Epistolae obscurorum virorum, and the leading See also:spirits of the See also:Reformation See also:period—See also:Erasmus, See also:Hutten, See also:Luther, See also:Melanchthon, Francowitz, Vergerio, See also:Curio and See also:Calvin—found in -tracts a ready method of widely circulating their opinions. The course of ecclesiastical events was precipitated in England by the Supplicacyon for the Beggars (1528) of See also:Simon See also:Fish, answered by See also:Sir See also:Thomas More's Supplycacion of Poor Soulys.

In the time of See also:

Edward VI. brief tracts were largely used as a propagandist See also:instrument in favour of the Reformed See also:religion. The licensing of the press by See also:Mary greatly hindered the production of this See also:kind of literature. From about 1570 there came an unceasing flow of Puritan pamphlets, of which more than forty were reprinted under the See also:title of A See also:pane of a See also:register (See also:London, See also:Waldegrave, 4to). In 1584 was published a tract entitled A briefe and plaine See also:Declaration concerning the desires of all those faithful ministers that have and do seeke for the discipline and reformation of the See also:Church of Englande, believed to have been written by W. See also:Fulke D.D. Against this See also:John See also:Bridges, See also:dean of Sarum, preached at See also:Paul's See also:Cross, and See also:expanded his See also:sermon into what he called A See also:defence of the See also:government established in the church of England (1587), which gave rise to Oh read over D. John Bridges . . . . Printed at the cost and charges of M. Marprelate See also:gentleman (1588), which first gave the name to the famous See also:Martin Marprelate tracts, whose titles sufficiently indicate their opposition to priestly orders and See also:episcopacy. See also:Bishop See also:Cooper's Admonition to the People of England (1589) came next, followed on the other side by See also:Hay any worke for Cooper . . . by Martin the Metropolilane, and by others from both parties to the number of about See also:thirty-two.

The controversy lasted ten years, and ended in the discomfiture of the Puritans and the seizure of their See also:

secret press. The writers on the Marprelate side are generally supposed to have been See also:Penry, Throgmorton, See also:Udal and See also:Fenner, and their opponents Bishop Cooper, John See also:Lilly and See also:Nash. As early as the middle of the 16th century we find ballads of news; and in the reigns of Elizabeth and See also:James I. small pamphlets, translated from the See also:German and French, and known as "news-books," were circulated by the so-called " See also:Mercury-See also:women." These were the immediate predecessors of weekly newspapers, and continued to the end of the 17th century. A See also:proclamation was issued by See also:Charles II., on the 12th of May 1680, " for suppressing the printing and See also:publishing of unlicensed news-books and pamphlets of news." In the 17th century pamphlets began to contribute more than ever to the formation of public opinion. Nearly one See also:hundred were written by or about the restless John See also:Lilburne, but still more numerous were those of the undaunted See also:Prynne, who him-self published above one hundred and sixty, besides many weighty folios and quartos. Charles I. found energetic supporters in See also:Peter Heylin and Sir See also:Roger L'Estrange, the latter noted for the coarseness of his See also:pen. The most distinguished pamphleteer of the period was John See also:Milton, who began his career in this direction by five anti-episcopal tracts (1641-1642) during the Smectymnuus See also:quarrel. In 1643 his wife's See also:desertion caused him to publish anonymously See also:Doctrine and discipline of See also:divorce, followed by several others on the same subject. He printed Of See also:Education; to Mr. See also:Samuel See also:Hartlib in 1644, and, unlicensed and unregistered, his famous Areopagitica—a speech for the See also:liberty of unlicensed printing. He defended the trial and See also:execution of the See also:king in See also:Tenure of See also:kings and magistrates (1648). The Eikon Basilike dispute was conducted with more ponderous weapons than the kind we are now discussing.

When See also:

Monk held supreme See also:power Milton addressed to him The See also:present means of a See also:free See also:commonwealth and Readie and easie way (1660), both See also:pleading for a commonwealth in preference to a See also:monarchy. John See also:Goodwin, the author of Obstructors of See also:Justice (1649), John Phillipps, the See also:nephew of Milton, and Abiezer Coppe were violent and prolific See also:partisan writers, the last-named specially known for his extreme Presbyterian principles. The tract Killing no See also:murder (1657), aimed at See also:Cromwell, and attributed to See also:Colonel See also:Titus or Colonel See also:Sexby, excited more See also:attention than any other political effusion of the time. The history of the See also:Civil See also:War period is told See also:day by day in the well-known collection made by See also:George See also:Thomason the bookseller, now preserved in the See also:British Museum. It includes pamphlets, books, newspapers and See also:MSS. See also:relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth and Restoration, and See also:numbers 22,255 pieces ranging from 1640 to 1661, and is See also:bound in 2008 volumes. Each See also:article was dated by Thomason at the time of acquisition. See also:William See also:Miller was another bookseller famous for his collection of pamphlets (1600-171o), which were catalogued by Tooker. William Laycock printed a Proposal for raising a fund for buying them up for the nation. The See also:Catholic controversy during the reign of James II. gave rise to a multitude of books and pamphlets, which have been described by See also:Peck (See also:Catalogue, 1735) and by See also:Jones (Catalogue, Chetham Society, 2 vols., 1859-1865). Politics were naturally the chief feature of the floating literature connected with the Revolution of 1688. The political tracts of See also:Lord See also:Halifax are interesting both in matter and manner. He wrote The character of a See also:trimmer (1688), circulated in MS. as early as 1685.

About the middle of the reign See also:

Defoe was introduced to William III., and produced the first of his pamphlets on occasional conformity. He issued in 1697 his two defences of See also:standing armies in support of the government, and published sets of tracts on the See also:partition treaty, the See also:union with See also:Scotland, and many other subjects. His Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) placed him in the See also:pillory. Under See also:Queen See also:Anne pamphlets arrived at a remarkable degree of importance. Never before or since has this method of publication been used by such masters of thought and See also:language. Political See also:writing of any degree of authority was almost entirely confined to pamphlets. If the Whigs were able to command the services of See also:Addison and See also:Steele, the Tories fought with the terrible pen of See also:Swift. Second in power if not in literary ability were See also:Bolingbroke, See also:Somers, See also:Atterbury, See also:Prior and Pulteney. The government viewed with a jealous See also:eye the free use of this powerful instrument, and St John seized upon fourteen book-sellers and publishers in one day for " libels " upon the See also:administration (see See also:Annals of Queen Anne, Oct. 23, 1711). In 1712 a See also:duty was laid upon newspapers and pamphlets, displeasing all parties, and soon falling into disuse. Bishop See also:Hoadly'ssermon on the See also:kingdom of See also:Christ (1717), denying that there was any such thing as a visible Church of Christ, occasioned the Bangorian controversy, which produced nearly two hundred pamphlets.

Soon after this period party-writing declined from its comparatively high See also:

standard and See also:fell into meaner and venal hands. Under George III. See also:Bute took Dr Shebbeare from Newgate in See also:order to employ his pen. The See also:court party received the support of a few able pamphlets, among which may be mentioned The See also:consideration of the German War against the policy of See also:Pitt, and The See also:prerogative See also:droit de See also:Roy (1764) vindicating the prerogative. We must not forget that although Samuel See also:Johnson was a pensioned See also:scribe he has for an excuse that his political tracts are his worst performances. See also:Edmund See also:Burke, on the other See also:hand, has produced in this form some of his most valued writings. The troubles in See also:America and the union between See also:Ireland and See also:Great See also:Britain are subjects which are abundantly illustrated in pamphlet literature. Early in the l9th century the rise of the quarterly reviews threw open a new channel of publicity to those who had previously used pamphlets to spread their opinions, and later on the rapid growth of monthly magazines and weekly reviews afforded controversialists a much See also:mole certain and extensive circulation than they could ensure by an isolated publication. Although pamphlets are no longer the See also:sole or most important See also:factor of public opinion, the minor literature of great events is never likely to be entirely confined to periodicals. The following topics, which might be largely increased in number, have each been discussed by a multitude of pamphlets, most of which, however, are likely to have been hopeless aspirants for a more certain means of preservation: the See also:Bullion Question (1810), the Poor See also:Laws (1828-1834), Tracts for the Times and the ensuing controversy (1833-1845), Dr See also:Hampden (1836), the See also:Canadian Revolt (1837-1838), the See also:Corn Laws (1841–1848), Gorham Controversy (1849-185o), See also:Crimean War and See also:Indian See also:Mutiny (1854-1859), See also:Schleswig-See also:Holstein (1863–1864), Ireland (1868-1869), the Franco-German War, with See also:Dame See also:Europa's School and its imitators (1870-1871), Vaticanism, occasioned by Mr See also:Gladstone's Vatican Decrees (1874), the Eastern Question (1877–1880), the Irish See also:Land Laws (1880-1882), Ireland and See also:Home See also:Rule (1885-1886), See also:South See also:African War (1899–1902) and See also:Tariff Reform (1903). France.—The activity of the French press in putting forth small tracts in favour of the Reformed religion caused the See also:Sorbonne in 1523 to See also:petition the king to abolish the diabolical See also:art of printing. Even one or two sheets of printed matter were found too cumbersome, and single leaves or placards were issued in such numbers that they were the subject of a special See also:edict on the 28th of See also:September 1553.

An ordonnance of See also:

February 1566 was specially directed against libellous pamphlets and those who wrote, printed or even possessed them. The rivalry between See also:Francis I. and Charles V. gave rise to many political pamphlets, and under Francis II. the Guises were attacked by similar means. Fr. See also:Hotman directed his Epistre envoiee au tygre de France against the See also:Cardinal de See also:Lorraine. The See also:Valois and See also:Henry III. in particular were severely handled in See also:Les Hermaphrodites (c. 1605), which was followed by a See also:long See also:series of imitations. Between Francis I. and Charles IX. the general See also:tone of the pamphlet-literature was See also:grave and pedantic. From the latter period to the See also:death of Henry IV. it became more cruel and dangerous. The Satyre Menippee (1594) one of the most perfect See also:models of the pamphlet in the language, did See also:infinite harm to the See also:League. The pamphlets against the See also:Jesuits were many and violent. Pere Richeome defended the order in See also:Chasse du See also:renard See also:Pasquier (1603), the latter See also:person being their vigorous opponent See also:Etienne Pasquier. On the death of the king the See also:country was filled with appeals for revenge against the Jesuits for his murder; the best known of them was the Anti-Caton (1611), generally attributed to Cesar de Plaix.

During the regency of Mary de' See also:

Medici the pamphlet changed its severer form to a more facetious type. In spite of the danger of such proceeding under the uncompromising See also:ministry of See also:Richelieu, there was no lack of libels upon him, which were even in most instances printed in France. These largely increased during the See also:Fronde, but it was See also:Mazarin who was the subject of more of this literature than any other See also:historical personage. It has been calculated that from the Parisian press alone there came sufficient Mazarinades to fill 15o quarto volumes each of 400 pages. Eight hundred were published during the See also:siege of See also:Paris (Feb. 8 to See also:March 1649). A collection of satirical pieces was entitled Tableau du gouvernement de Richelieu, Mazarin, See also:Fouquet, et See also:Colbert (1693). Pamphlets dealing with the amours of the king and his courtiers were in See also:vogue in the time of See also:Louis XIV., the most See also:caustic of them being the See also:Carte geographique de la tour (1668) of See also:Bussy-Rabutin. The presses of See also:Holland and the See also:Low Countries teemed with tracts against Colbert, Le Tellier, See also:Louvois and Pere Lachaise. The first of the ever-memorable Provinciales appeared on the 23rd of See also:January 1656, under the title of Lettre de Louis de Montalte a un provincial de ses amis, and the remaining eighteen came out at See also:regular intervals during the next fifteen months. They excited extraordinary attention throughout Europe. The Jesuit replies were feeble and ineffectual.

John See also:

Law and the schemes of the bubble period caused much popular raillery. During the long reign of Louis XV. the distinguished names of See also:Voltaire, See also:Rousseau, Mentesquieu, See also:Diderot, D'See also:Alembert, D'See also:Holbach, Helvetius and See also:Beaumarchais must be added to the See also:list of writers in this class. The preliminary struggle between the See also:parliament and the See also:Crown gave rise to hundreds of pamphlets, which See also:grew still more numerous as the Revolution approached See also:Linguet and See also:Mirabeau began their appeals to the people. Camille See also:Desmoulins came into See also:notice as a publicist during the, elections for the states-general; but perhaps the piece which caused the most sensation was the Quest ce que le Tiers Etat (1789) of the See also:Abbe Sieyes. The Domine salvum fac regem and Pange lingua (1789) were two royalist brochures of unsavoury memory. The queen was the subject of vile attack and indiscreet defence (see H. d'Almeras, See also:Marie Antoinette et les pamphlets, 1907). The See also:financial disorders of 1790 occasioned the Effets See also:des See also:assignats sur le prix du See also:pain of See also:Dupont de See also:Nemours; See also:Necker was attacked in the Criminelle Neckerologie of See also:Marat; and the Vrai miroir de la noblesse dragged the titled names of France through the mire. The See also:massacre of the Champ de See also:Mars, the death of Mirabeau, and the See also:flight of the king in 1791, the noyades of See also:Lyons and the See also:crime of See also:Charlotte See also:Corday in 1793, and the terrible See also:winter of 1794 have each their respective pamphlet literature, more or less violent in tone. Perhaps the most See also:complete collection of French revolutionary pamphlets is that in the Bibliotheclue Nationale; the British Museum possesses a wonderful collection formed by John See also:Wilson See also:Croker. Under the consulate and the See also:empire the only writers of See also:note who ventured to seek this method of appealing to the See also:world were Mme de See also:Stael, B. See also:Constant and See also:Chateaubriand. The royalist reaction in 1816 was the cause of the Petition of Paul Louis See also:Courier, the first of those brilliant productions of a See also:master of the art.

He gained the distinction of judicial See also:

procedure with his See also:Simple Discours in 1821, and published in 1824 his last political See also:work, Le Pamphlet des pamphlets, the most eloquent See also:justification of the pamphlet ever penned. The Memoire a consulter of See also:Montlosier attacked the growing power of the See also:Congregation. The See also:year 1827 saw an See also:augmentation of severity in the press laws and the See also:establishment of the censure. The opposition also increased in power and activity, but found its greatest support in the songs of See also:Beranger and the journalism of See also:Mignet, See also:Thiers and See also:Carrel. M. de Comenin was the chief pamphleteer of the reign of Louis Philippe. The events of 1848 gave See also:birth to a number of pamphlets, chiefly See also:pale copies of the more virile writings of the first revolution. Among the few men of power Louis See also:Veuillot was the Pere See also:Duchesne of the Clericals and See also:Victor See also:Hugo the Camille Desmoulins or Marat of the Republicans. After 1852 there was no lack of venal apologies of the coup d'etat. The second empire suffered from many See also:bitter attacks, among which may be mentioned the Lettre sur l'histoire de France (1861) of the Due d'See also:Aumale, Propos de See also:Labienus (1865) of Rogeard, See also:Dialogue aux enfers (1864) of See also:Maurice Joly and See also:Ferry's Com pies fantastiques d'See also:Haussmann (1868). In more recent times the See also:Panama prosecutions and the See also:Dreyfus See also:case gave occasion to an immense pamphlet literature. See also:Germany.—In Germany, the See also:cradle of printing, the pamphlet (Flugschrift) was soon a recognized and popular vehicle of thought, and the fierce religious controversies of the Reformation period afforded a unique opportunity for its use. The employment of the pamphlet in this connexion was characteristic of the new See also:age.

In coarse and violent language the pamphlets appealed directly to the people, whose sympathy the leaders of the opposing parties were most anxious to secure, and their issue on an enormous See also:

scale was undoubtedly one of the most potent influences in rousing the German people against the See also:pope and the See also:Roman Catholic Church. In general their tone was extremely intemperate, and they formed, as one authority has described those of a century later, " a See also:mass of See also:panegyric, admonition, invective, controversy and scurrility." Luther was one of the earliest and most effective writers of the polemical pamphlet. His adherents quickly followed his example, and his opponents also were not slow to avail themselves of a weapon which wasproving itself so powerful. So intense at this time did this pamphlet war become that Erasmus wrote " apud Germanos, vix quicquam vendibile est praeter Lutherana ae anti Lutherana." A remarkable feature was the coarseness of many of these pamphlets. No sense of decency or propriety restrained their writers in dealing either with sacred or with See also:secular subjects, and this attracted the notice of the imperial authorities, who were also alarmed by the remarkable growth of disorder, attributable in See also:part at least to the wide circulation of pamphlet literature. Accordingly the issue of libellous pamphlets was forbidden by order of the diet of See also:Nuremberg in 1524, and again by the diets of See also:Spires in 1529, of See also:Augsburg in 1530 and of See also:Regensburg in 1541, while in 1589 the See also:emperor See also:Rudolph II. fulminated against them. The usual method of selling these pamphlets was by means of See also:hawkers. J. See also:Janssen (History of the German People, Eng. trans., vol. iii.) says these men " went about in swarms offering pamphlets, caricatures and lampoons for See also:sale; in the larger towns vendors of every description of printed matter jostled each other in the See also:street." The controversies of the earlier period of the Thirty Years' War, when this struggle was German rather than See also:international, produced a second See also:flood of pamphlets, which possessed the same characteristics as the earlier one. In the disturbed years also which preceded the actual outbreak of war attempts were made in pamphlets to justify almost every See also:action, however unjust or dishonourable, while at the same time those who held different opinions were mercilessly and scurrilously attacked. The leading German princes were among the foremost to use pamphlets in this connexion, especially perhaps See also:Maximilian of See also:Bavaria and See also:Christian of See also:Anhalt. For the derivation of the word pamphlet consult See also:Skeat's Etymological Dict.; Pegge's Anonymiana; Notes and Queries, 3rd series, vol. iv. pp.

315, 379, 462, 482, vol. v. pp. 167, 290; 6th series, vol. ii. p. 156; 7th series, vol. vi. pp. 26r, 432; Murray's New English Diet. vol. vii. The general history of the subject may be traced in M. See also:

Davies, See also:Icon libellorum (1715) ; W. See also:Oldys, " History of the Origin of Pamphlets," in See also:Morgan's See also:Phoenix Brit. and See also:Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes; Dr Johnson's Introduction to the Harleian See also:Miscellany; D'See also:Israeli, Amenities of Literature; Revue des deux mondes (See also:April 1, 1846) ; Irish Quart. See also:Review, vii. 267 ; See also:Edinburgh Review (Oct. 1855) ; Quarterly Review (April 19o8); The Library, new series, vol i. 298; Huth's Ancient Ballads and Broadsides (Philobiblon See also:Soc.) ; W.

Maskell, Martin-Marprelate Controversy (1845); E. See also:

Arber, See also:Sketch of Marprelate Controversy (1895); W. See also:Pierce, Hist. Introd. to the See also:Mar-See also:prelate Tracts (1908); T. Jones, See also:Cat. of collection of tracts for and against Popery—the whole of Peck's lists and his references (Chetham Soc., 1856–1865); Blakey's Hist. of Political Literature; See also:Andrews, His. of British Journalism; Larousse, See also:Grand Dict. Universel; See also:Nodier, Sur la liberte de la presse; See also:Leber, De L'etat See also:reel de la presse (1834) See also:Moreau, Bibliographie des mazarinades (1850–1851); Bulletin du Bibliophile Belge (1859–1862) ; See also:Nisard, Hist. des livres populaires (1854); A. Germond de Lavigne, Des Pamphlets de la fin de l'empire, &c. x814–1817, Catalogue (Paris, 1879); Paris, Bibl. nationale, catalogue des Factums, etc., anterieurs a 1790, by A. Corda, Paris, 1890; A. Maire, Repertoire des theses de doctorates lettres des universites frantaises 1810—1900 (Paris, 1903) ; and the See also:annual Catalogue des Theses et Ecrits .Academiques (See also:Hachette) 1885–1910. For German academical dissertations see G. Fock, Catalogus dissertationum philologicorum dassicarum (See also:Leipzig, 1894), and many'special catalogues by Klussmann (1889–1903), Kukula (1892–1893), Milkan (for See also:Bonn, 1818–1885), Pretzsch (for See also:Breslau, 1811–1885) and others. For Dutch pamphlets see L.

D. See also:

Petit, Bibliotheck See also:van nederlandsche Pamfletten (2 vols. 4to, See also:Hague, 1882–1884) ; and W. P. C. Knuttel, Catalogus van de Pamfetten Verzalneling berustende in de K. Bibliotheck 1486–1795 (5 parts 4to, Hague, 1889–1905).. For methods of dealing with pamphlets in See also:libraries, see various articles in Library See also:Journal (188o, 1887, 1889, 1894). (H. R.

End of Article: PAMPHLETS

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