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See also:NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg) , a See also:city of See also:Germany, the second See also:town in See also:Bavaria in See also:size, and the first in commercial importance. It lies in the See also:district of See also:Middle See also:Franconia in a sandy but well-cultivated See also:plain, 124 M. by See also:rail N.W. from See also:Munich. The city is divided by the small See also:river See also:Pegnitz, a tributary of the See also:Main, into two parts, called respectively the Lorenzer Seite and the Sebalder Seite, after the two See also:principal churches. There are four islands in the Pegnitz, which is crossed here by fourteen See also:bridges. Formerly among the richest and most influential of the See also:free imperial towns, Nuremberg is one of the few cities of See also:Europe that have retained their See also:medieval aspect largely unimpaired. Considerable sections of the See also:ancient walls and See also:moat still remain, though the demolition of portions to meet the exigencies of See also:modern See also:traffic and expansion has somewhat destroyed its See also:quaint medieval See also:character. Of the 365 bastions which formerly strengthened the walls, however, nearly Too are still in situ, and a few of the interesting old gateways have also been preserved. Most of the streets are narrow and crooked, and the See also:majority of the houses have their gables turned towards the See also:street. The See also:general type of See also:architecture is See also:Gothic, but the See also:rich details, which are lavished with especial freedom in the interior courts, are usually borrowed from the See also:Renaissance. Most of the private dwellings date from the 16th See also:century, and there are practically none of earlier date than the 15th century. A praiseworthy See also:desire to maintain the picturesqueness of the town has led most of the builders of new houses to imitate the lofty peaked gables, See also:oriel windows and red-tiled See also:roofs of the older dwellings. Altogether Nuremberg presents a faithful picture of a prosperous town of three See also:hundred years ago.
The old See also:burg, or See also:castle (Kaiserschloss), is picturesquely placed on a See also:rock on the See also:north See also:side of the town. This See also:dates most probably from the See also:early See also:part of the 1th century, but it received its See also:present See also:form mainly during the reign of the See also:emperor See also:Frederick I. about 15o years later. It was restored in careful See also:harmony with its See also:original See also:appearance in 1854-1856, and part of the interior is fitted up as a royal See also:residence, the families of the See also:German emperor and of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of Bavaria having apartments therein. In the Heidenturm are two See also:late Romanesque chapels, one above the other. Other parts of the castle are the pentagonal See also:tower, the See also:oldest See also:building in the town, wherein are preserved the famous " See also:iron virgin of Nuremberg," and other See also:instruments of See also:torture; the granary (Kornhaus), also called the Kaiserstallung; and the Vestnertor or Vestnerturm. The castle of Nuremberg was a favourite residence of the German sovereigns in the later middle ages, and the imperial See also:regalia were kept here from 1424 to 1796. Near it are the remains of the burg of the Hohenzollerns, the principal existing part of which is the See also:chapel of St See also:Walpurgis, which was destroyed with the See also:rest of the building in 1420, but was restored in 1892. Not far from these ruins stands the Luginsland, a stronghold with four corner turrets, said to have been built by the burghers in 1367 as a See also:watch-tower against the burg of the Hohenzollerns.
Nuremberg contains several interesting churches, the finest of which are those of St Lorenz, of St Sebald and of Our See also:Lady. All three are Gothic edifices and are notable for their elaborately carved doorways, in which free See also:play has been given to the exuberant See also:fancy of the Gothic See also:style, and all three enshrine valuable treasures of See also:art. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of St See also:- LAWRENCE
- LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
- LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
- LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
- LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
- LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
- LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
- LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
- LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)
Lawrence, the largest of the three, was built in the 13th and 14th centuries and has recently been restored. In it is the masterpiece of the sculptor, See also:Adam See also:Krafft, consisting of a See also:ciborium, or receptacle for the See also:host, in the form of a florid Gothic See also:spire 65 ft. high; the See also:carving of this See also:work is exquisitely See also:minute and delicate. The See also:west front contains a magnificent See also:rose-window, and some ofthe stained See also:glass dates from the 15th and 16th centuries. In front of the See also:altar hangs a curious piece of See also:wood-carving by See also:Veit See also:Stoss, representing the Salutation. The See also:shrine of St Sebald, in the church of St Sebald, consisting of a See also:bronze See also:sarcophagus and See also:canopy, in the richest Gothic style, adorned with numerous statues and reliefs, is looked upon as one of the greatest achievements of German art. It was executed by See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter See also:Vischer, the celebrated artist in bronze, who was occupied on the work for thirteen years (1506-1519), and has here shown himself no unworthy See also:rival of Lorenzo See also:Ghiberti. The church of Our Lady possesses some See also:fine old stained-glass windows and some paintings by See also:Michael See also:Wohlgemuth. The Tuchersche altar, with its winged picture, is one of the finest See also:works of the Nuremberg school about the middle of the 15th century. This church was restored in 1878-1881. Other noteworthy churches are those of St See also:Jacob, founded about 1200 and restored in 1824; and of St Aegidius.
The town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall (Rathaus), an edifice in the See also:Italian style, erected in 1616-1619, contains frescoes by Diirer, and a curious See also:stucco See also:relief of a See also:tournament held at Nuremberg in 1446. The building incorporated an older one of the 14th century, of which the See also:great hall, with its See also:timber roof, is part. The most interesting See also:secular buildings are the houses of the old patrician families. Among the most characteristic of these are the old residence of the See also:counts of See also:Nassau, and the houses of the Tucher, Funk and Peller families. A See also:special See also:interest attaches to the dwellings of See also:Albert See also:Durer, Hans See also:Sachs, the cobbler-poet, and Johann See also:Palm, the patriotic bookseller who was shot by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:Napoleon in 18o6. There are statues of Diirer, Sachs, See also:Melanchthon, the reputed founder of the See also:grammar-school, the navigator See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin See also:Behaim, and Peter Henlein, the inventor of the watch; and the streets are further embellished with several fountains, the most noteworthy of which are the Schone Brunnen, 1385-1396, in the form of a large Gothic See also:pyramid, adorned with statues of the seven See also:electors, the " nine worthies," and See also:Moses and the prophets; and the Gansemannchen or See also:goose-mannikin, a See also:clever little bronze figure by Pankratz Labenwolf. On the way to the See also:cemetery of St See also:John, which contains the See also:graves of Durer, Sachs, Behaim and other Nuremberg worthies, are Krafft's stations, seven pillars bearing See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone reliefs of the See also:Passion, and ranked among the finest works of the sculptor.
The Germanic See also:national museum, established in an old Carthusian monastery, has See also:developed into one of the largest and most important institutions of its See also:kind in Germany. It includes a picture-See also:gallery, principally of German works of the 15th and 16th centuries, including masterpieces by See also:Holbein, Durer, Wohlgemuth and others. The municipal library contains about 2000 See also:manuscripts and 8o,000 printed books, some of which are of great rarity.
The See also:population of Nuremberg was, in 1905, including a See also:garrison of about 3000 men, 294,344, of whom 145,354 were See also:males and 148,990 See also:females. Of these again 196,907 were Protestants (Evangelical), 86,939 See also:Roman Catholics and 6819 See also:Jews. At the height of its prosperity in the middle ages the population has been estimated at as high a figure as 150,000, but there seems See also:good See also:reason to believe that it did not exceed 40,000 to 50,000 souls. In 1818 it had sunk to 27,000, but since then has steadily increased. On the 1st of See also:January 1899, thirteen outlying communes were incorporated, extending the See also:area of the town from 2805 to 13,700 acres.
Nuremberg occupies a high See also:place among the See also:industrial and commercial centres of Europe. The principal manufactures are toys and fancy articles in See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal, carved wood and See also:ivory, which are collectively known as Nuremberg wares. Nuremberg is the See also:chief See also:market in Europe for hops. It is an important junction for See also:railways to all parts of Germany, and is on the main See also:line from See also:Cologne and See also:Frankfort-on-Main to Munich, See also:Vienna and See also:Eger. In addition to its railways, See also:trade is facilitated by the See also:Ludwig See also:canal, connecting the See also:Danube and the Main.
See also:History.—The first See also:authentic mention of Nuremberg, which seems to have been called into existence by the See also:foundation of the castle, occurs in a document of 105o; and about the same See also:period
inhabitants, which include watches, at first called " Nuremberg eggs," the See also:air-See also:gun, gun-locks, the terrestrial and See also:celestial globes, the See also:composition now called See also:brass, and the art of See also:wire-See also:drawing.
Nuremberg was the first of the imperial towns to throw in its See also:lot with the See also:Reformation, and it embraced Protestantism with its wonted vigour about 1525. Its name is associated with a See also:peace concluded between See also:Charles V. and the Protestants in 1532. The first See also:blow to its prosperity was the See also:discovery of the See also:sea-route to See also:India in 1497; and the second was inflicted by the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War, during which Gustavus See also:Adolphus was besieged here in an entrenched See also:camp by See also:Wallenstein. During the eight or ten See also:weeks that the See also:blockade lasted no fewer than ro,000 of the inhabitants are said to have died of want or disease. The down-fall of the town was accelerated by the illiberal policy of its patrician rulers; and the See also:French Revolution reduced it to such a degree that in 1796 it offered itself and its territories to the king of See also:Prussia on See also:condition that he would pay its debts. Prussia, however, refused the offer. In 1803 Nuremberg was allowed to maintain its nominal position as a free city, but in 1806 it was annexed to Bavaria.
it received from the emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III. permission to establish a See also:mint and a market. It is said to have been destroyed by the emperor Henry V. in 1105, but if this was the See also:case the town must have been very speedily rebuilt, as in 1127 we find the emperor See also:Lothair taking it from the See also:duke of See also:Swabia and assigning it to Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria. An imperial officer, styled the burggrave of Nuremberg, who, however, seems to have been merely the military See also:governor of the castle, and to have exercised no sway over the citizens, became prominent in the 12th century. This See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office came into the hands of the counts of See also:Hohenzollern at the beginning of the 13th century, and burggrave of Nuremberg is still one of the titles of their descendant, the German emperor. The See also:government of the town was vested in the patrician families, who, contrary to the usual course of events in the free towns, succeeded in permanently excluding the civic See also:gilds from all See also:share of municipal See also:power, although in 1347 there was a See also:sharp rising against this See also:oligarchy. The town was specially favoured by the German monarchs, who frequently resided and held diets here, and in 1219 Frederick II. conferred upon it the rights of a free imperial town. By the terms of this See also:charter the town appears to have been immediately subject to the king, who was represented by his See also:magistrate (or Schultheiss). In a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, however, the latter appears to have been assisted by a See also:council, consisting of 13 consules (burgomasters) and 13 scabini (assessors), who collectively formed the governing and administrative See also:body under the See also:presidency of the See also:bailiff. The last-named See also:official soon confined himself to the judicial magisterial office, and a further increase in the See also:numbers of the council having taken place by the See also:appointment of 8 nominees of the king, a municipal council of 34, under the direction of the See also:senior See also:consul or burgomaster, dealt with matters exclusively civic. Later this council (the kleine See also:Rat) was increased to 42 members, 8 of whom belonged to the See also:artisan class.
In 1356 Nuremberg witnessed the promulgation of the famous See also:Golden See also:Bull of the emperor Charles IV. At the beginning of the 15th century the burggraves of Nuremberg, who had in the meantime raised themselves to the See also:rank of princes of the See also:Empire, were invested with the margraviate of See also:Brandenburg, and sold their castle to the town. They, however, reserved certain rights, and their insistence on these led to fierce and sanguinary feuds between the burghers and the margraves Albert See also:Achilles and Frederick and Albert See also:Alcibiades of See also:Bayreuth.
The See also:quarrel with the margraves, however, did not interfere with the growth of the town's prosperity, which reached its See also:acme in the 16th century. Like See also:Augsburg, Nuremberg attained great See also:wealth as an intermediary between See also:Italy and the See also:East on the one See also:hand, and See also:northern Europe on the other. Its manufactures were so well known that it passed into a See also:- PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)
proverb—" Nuremberg's hand goes through every See also:land." Its citizens lived in such luxury that See also:Aeneas Sylvius (See also:Pope See also:Pius II.) has See also:left it on See also:record that a See also:simple burgher of Nuremberg was better lodged than the king of See also:Scotland. The town had gradually extended its sway over a territory nearly Soo sq. m. in extent, and was able to furnish the emperor See also:Maximilian with a contingent of 6000 troops. But perhaps the great See also:glory of Nuremberg lies in its claim to be the principal fount of German art. Its important architectural features have already been described. The love of its citizens for See also:sculpture is abundantly See also:manifest in the statues and carvings on their houses. Adam Krafft, Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer form a trinity of sculptors of which any city might be proud. In See also:painting Nuremberg is not less prominent, as the names of Wohlgemuth and Durer sufficiently indicate. In the decorative arts the Nuremberg handicraftsman attained great perfection in ministering to the luxurious tastes of the burghers, and a large proportion of the old German See also:furniture, See also:silver-See also:plate, stoves and the like, which are now admired in industrial museums, was made in Nuremberg workshops. See also:Wenzel Jamnitzer (1508-1585), the worker in silver, is perhaps eminent enough to be added to the above See also:list of artists. Its place in See also:literary history—by no means an unimportant one—it owes to Hans Sachs and the other meistersanger. A final See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of its vigorous vitality at this period may be found in the numerous inventions of its
See Lochner, Nurnberger Jahrbucher bis 1313 (Nuremberg, 1832-1835) ; Nurnbergs Vorzeit and Gegenwart (Nuremberg, 1845) ; and Geschichte der Reiehsstadt Nurnberg zur Zeit Kaiser Karls IV. (See also:Berlin, 1873) ; Priem, Geschichte der Stadt Nurnberg bis auf See also:die neueste Zell (Nuremberg, 1874) ; B. Schonlank, Altniirnbergische Studien (See also:Leipzig, 1.894) ; L. Rosel, Alt-Nurnberg (Nuremberg, 1895) ; E. Mummenhoff, Altnurnberg bis zum Jahre 1350 (189o); R. See also:Hagen, Bilder aus Nurnbergs Geschichte (Nuremberg, 1889); F. See also:Roth, Die Einfuhrung der Reformation in Nurnberg (See also:Wurzburg, 1885) ; J. M. Lotter, Sagen, Legenden and Geschichten der Stadt Nurnberg (Nuremberg, 1898) ; the Quetlenschriften zur Staats- and Kulturgeschichte der Reichsstadl Nurnberg (Nuremberg, 1893, fol.) ; and the Mitteilungen of the Verein fiir Geschichte der Stadt Nurnberg (Nuremberg, 1879, fol.). See also C. Headlam, The See also:Story of Nuremberg (See also:London, 1899).
End of Article: NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)
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