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See also:ADAM, See also:ROBERT (1728—1792) , See also:British architect, the second son of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Adam of Maryburgh, in See also:Fife, and the most celebrated of four See also:brothers, See also:John, Robert, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James and William Adam, was See also:born at See also:Kirkcaldy in 1728. For few famous men have we so little See also:biographical material, and contemporary references to him are sparse. He certainly studied at the university of See also:Edinburgh, and probably received his first instruction in See also:architecture from his See also:father, who gave proofs of his own skill and See also:taste in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (now demolished). His See also:mother was the aunt of Dr W. See also:Robertson, the first See also:English historian of See also:Charles V., and in 1750 we find Robert Adam living with her in Edinburgh, and making one of the brilliant See also:literary coterie which adorned it at that See also:period. Somewhere between 1750 and 1754 he visited See also:Italy, where he spent three years studying the remains of See also:Roman architecture. There he was struck with the circumstance that practically nothing had survived of the See also:Greek and Roman masterpieces except public buildings, and that the private palaces, which See also:Vitruvius and See also:Pliny esteemed so highly, had practically vanished. One example of such See also:work, however, was extant in the ruins of See also:Diocletian's See also:palace at See also:Spalato, in See also:Dalmatia, and this he visited in See also:July 1757, taking with him the famous See also:French architect and See also:antiquary, C. L. Clerisseau, and two experienced draughtsmen, with whose assistance, after being arrested as a See also:spy, he managed in five See also:weeks to accumulate a sufficient number of measurements and careful plans and surveys to produce a restoration of the entire See also:building in a See also:fine work which he published in 1764, The Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian, &c. Considering the shortness of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time occupied and the obstacles placed in his way by the Venetian See also:governor and the
See also:population of the See also:place, the result was amazing. The See also:influence of these studies was apparent directly and indirectly in much of his subsequent work, which, indeed, was in See also:great measure founded upon them.
After his return to See also:England he seems to have come rapidly to the front, and in 1762 he was appointed See also:sole architect to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king and the See also:Board of See also:Works. Six years later he resigned this See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, in which he was succeeded by his See also:brother James,—who however, held the office jointly with another,—and entered See also:parliament as member for the See also:county of Kinross. In 1768 he and his three brothers leased the ground fronting the See also:Thames, upon which the Adelphi now stands, for £1200 on a ninety-nine years' See also:lease, and having obtained, with the assistance of See also:Lord See also:Bute, the needful See also:act of parliament, proceeded, in the See also:teeth of public opposition, to erect the ambitious See also:block of buildings which is imperishably associated with their name, indicating its See also:joint origin by the See also:title Adelphi, from the Greek aleX4of, the Brothers. The site presented attractive possibilities. A steep See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill led down See also:- BUCKINGHAM
- BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
- BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
- BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
- BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
- BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
- BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)
Buckingham See also:Street to the See also:river-See also:side, and the See also:plan was to raise against it, upon a See also:terrace formed of massive See also:arches and vaults and facing the river, a dignified See also:quarter of fine streets and stately buildings, suggestive of the Spalato ruins. In spite of many difficulties, pecuniary and otherwise (the undertaking was completed from the proceeds of a lottery), See also:money was raised and the work pushed on; in five years the Adelphi terrace stood See also:complete, and the fine houses were eagerly sought after by artists and men of letters. Splendid, however, as the terrace and its houses are, both in conception and See also:execution, the underground work which upholds them is perhaps more remarkable still. The vast See also:series of arched vaults has been described by a See also:modern writer as a very See also:town, which, during the years that they were open, formed subterranean streets leading to the river and its wharves. In many places the arches stand in See also:double tiers. In time these " streets " obtained a See also:bad name as the haunt of suspicious characters, and they have See also:long been enclosed and let as cellars. Between 1793 and 1778 the brothers issued a fine series of See also:folio engravings and descriptions of the designs for many of their most important works, which included several great public buildings and numberless large private houses; a fine See also:volume was published in 1822. For the remaining years of Robert's See also:life the practice of the See also:firm was the most extensive in the See also:country; his position was unquestioned, and when he died in 1792 he was laid to See also:rest in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey almost as a See also:matter of course.
The See also:art of Robert Adam was extraordinarily many-sided and prolific, and it is difficult to give a condensed appreciation of it. As an architect he was strongly under Roman and See also:Italian influences, and his See also:style and aims were See also:exotic rather than native. But this does not detract from their merit, nor need it diminish our estimate of his See also:genius. It was, indeed, the most See also:signal See also:triumph of that genius that he was able so to See also:mould and adapt classical See also:models as to create a new manner of the highest See also:charm and distinction. Out of See also:simple See also:curvilinear forms, of which he principally preferred the See also:oval, he evolved combinations of extra-See also:ordinary See also:- GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
- GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )
grace and variety, and these entered into every detail of his work. In his view the architect was intimately concerned with the See also:furniture and the decorations of a building, as well as with its See also:form and construction, and this view he carried rigorously into practice, and with astonishing success. Nothing was too small and unimportant for him—summer-houses and See also:dog-kennels came as readily to him as the vast facades of a terrace in town or a great country douse. But he never permitted See also:minute details to obscure the See also:main lines of a See also:noble See also:design. Whatever care he might have expended upon the flowing curves of a moulding or a decoration, it was strictly kept in its place; it contributed its See also:share and no more to the See also:total effect. He made a distinct step forward in giving shape to the See also:idea of imparting the unity of a single imposing structure to a number of private houses grouped in a block which is so characteristic a feature of modern town building, and though at times he failed in the breadth of grasp needful to carry out such an idea on a large See also:scale; he has See also:left us some fine examples of what can be accom-plished in this direction. A delightful but theoretically undesirable characteristic of his work is the use of See also:stucco. Upon it he moulded delicate forms in subtle and beautiful proportions.
His " compo " was used so successfully that the patent was in-fringed: many of his moulds still exist and are in See also:constant use. That most difficult feature, the See also:column, he handled with See also:enthusiasm and perfect mastery; he studied and wrote of it with minute pains, while his practice showed his grasp of the subject by all avoidance of See also:bare See also:imitation of the classic masters who first brought it to perfection. His work might be classic in form, but it was independently See also:developed by himself. It would be impossible here to give a See also:list of the innumerable works which he executed. In See also:London, of course, the Adelphi stands pre-eminent; the See also:screen and See also:gate of the See also:Admiralty and See also:part of See also:Fitzroy Square are by him, See also:Portland Place, and much of the older portion of See also:Finsbury See also:Circus, besides whole streets of houses in the See also:west end. There are the famous country houses of Lord See also:Mansfield at See also:Caen See also:Wood, See also:Highgate and See also:Luton Hoo, and decorations and additions to many more.
Robert Adam—with, there is See also:reason to suspect, some help from his brother James—has left as deep and enduring a See also:mark upon English furniture as upon English architecture. Down to his time See also:carving was the dominant characteristic of the mobiliary art, but thenceforward the wood-worker declined in importance. French influence disposed Robert Adam to the development of painted furniture with inlays of beautiful exotic See also:woods, and many of his designs, especially for sideboards, are extremely attractive, mainly by reason of their austere simplicity. Robert Adam was no doubt at first led to turn his thoughts towards furniture by his See also:desire to see his See also:light, delicate, graceful interiors, with their large sense of See also:atmosphere and their refined and finished detail, filled with plenishings which fitted naturally into his See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme. His own taste developed as he went on, but he was usually extremely successful, and cabinetmakers are still reproducing his most effective designs. In his furniture he made lavish use of his favourite decorative motives—wreaths and paterae, the See also:honey-suckle, and that See also:fan See also:ornament which he used so constantly.
Thus an Adam See also:house is a unique product of English art. From See also:facade to See also:fire-irons; from the chimneys to the carpets, every-thing originated in the same See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of ideas, and to this See also:day an Adam See also:drawing-See also:room is to English what a See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis Seize room is to French art. In nothing were the See also:- ADAMS
- ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
- ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
- ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
- ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
- ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
- ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
- ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
- ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
- ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)
Adams more successful than in mantelpieces and doors.` The former, by reason of their simplicity and the readiness with which the " compo " ornaments can be applied and painted, are still made in cheap forms in great number. The latter were most commonly executed in a See also:rich See also:mahogany and are now greatly sought after. The extent to which the brothers worked together is by no means clear—indeed, there is an astonishing dearth of See also:information regarding this remarkable See also:family, and it is a reproach to English art literature that no See also:biography of Robert Adam has ever been published. John Adam succeeded to his father's practice as an architect in Edinburgh. James Adam studied in See also:Rome, and eventually was closely associated with Robert; William is variously said to have been a banker and an architect. (J.
End of Article: ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
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