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MODELS

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Originally appearing in Volume V18, Page 641 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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MODELS , ARTISTS', the name given to persons who pose to artists as models for their See also:

WORK

work. The Greeks, who had the naked See also:

BODY

body constantly before them in the exercises of the gymnasium, had far less need of professional models than the moderns; but it is scarcely likely that they could have attained to the high level reached by their See also:

WORKS

works without See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant study from nature; and the See also:

story told of Zeuxis by See also:

VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius See also:

Maximus, who had five of the most beautiful virgins of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

CROTONA, CROTO

Crotona offered him as models for his picture of See also:

HELEN

Helen, proves their occasional use. The remark of See also:

EUPOMPUS

Eupompus, quoted by See also:

Pliny, who advised See also:

LYSIPPUS

Lysippus, " Let nature be your See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, not an artist," directing his See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd instead of to his own work, also suggests a use of models which the many portrait statues of See also:

Greek and See also:

ROMAN

Roman times show to have been not unknown. In See also:

EGYPT

Egypt, too, although the priesthood had See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of both See also:

sculpture and See also:

PAINTING

painting as used for the decoration of temples and palaces, and imposed a strict conventionalism, there are several statues of the See also:

early periods which are so lifelike in their treatment as to make it certain that they must have been worked from See also:

LIFE

life. At the See also:

period of the See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, painters generally made use of their relations and See also:

friends as models, of which many examples might be quoted from See also:

Venice, See also:

Florence, See also:

Rome and other places, and the stories of See also:

Titian and the duchess of See also:

FERRARA

Ferrara, and See also:

BOTTICELLI, SANDRO

Botticelli and Simonetta See also:

VESPUCCI, AMERIGO (1451—1512)

Vespucci, go to show that ladies of exalted See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank were sometimes not averse from having their charms immortalized by the painter's See also:

brush. But paid models were not unknown, as the story of the unfortunate contadino used by See also:

Sansovino as model for his statue of the little Bacchus will show. Artists' models as a See also:

SPECIAL

special class appear when the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

SCHOOLS

schools for the study of the human figure created a See also:

REGULAR

regular demand, and since that See also:

time the remuneration offered has ensured a continual See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply. The prices and the See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of work vary in different See also:

art centres. In See also:

England seven shillings is generally paid for a See also:

day of six hours, but models of exceptional beauty or See also:

TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent frequently obtain more from successful artists or wealthy amateurs. MODEL-See also:

YACHTING

YACHTING, the pastime of See also:

BUILDING

building and racing model-yachts. It has always been customary for See also:

SHIP

ship-builders to make a See also:

MINIATURE

miniature model of the See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel under construction, which is in every respect a copy o? the See also:

ORIGINAL

original on a small See also:

scale, whether See also:

steam-ship or sailing-vessel (there is a See also:

FINE

fine collection in the See also:

Victoria and See also:

Albert Museum, See also:

LONDON

London). Many of these models are of exquisite workmanship, every rope, See also:

PULLEY

pulley or portion of the See also:

engine being faithfully reproduced.

.In the See also:

case of sailing yachts these models were often pitted against each other on small bodies of See also:

WATER

water, and hence arose the See also:

MODERN

modern pastime. It was soon seen that elaborate fittings and complicated See also:

RIGGING (A.S. wrigan or wrihan, to clothe)

rigging were a detriment to rapid handling, and that, on See also:

account of the comparatively stronger winds in which models were sailed, they needed a greater See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught. For these reasons modern model yachts, which usually have fin-keels, are of about 15% or 20 % deeper draught than full-sized vessels, while rigging and fittings have been reduced to See also:

ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute simplicity. This applies to models built for racing and not to elaborate copies of steamers and See also:

SHIPS

ships, made only for show or for " See also:

toy cruising." Model-yacht clubs have existed for many years in See also:

GREAT

Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

Ireland and the See also:

UNITED

United States, most of them holding a number of regattas during each See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season. The rules do not generally require the owner or skipper of a model to build his own See also:

CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, but among model-yachtsmen the designing and the construction of the boats constitute as important and interesting a See also:

PART

part of the See also:

SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport as the actual sailing. Models are constructed of some See also:

LIGHT

light, seasoned See also:

wood—such as See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine (preferably See also:

white), white See also:

CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar or See also:

MAHOGANY

mahogany—See also:

FREE

free from knots. The See also:

hull may either be hollowed out of a solid See also:

block of wood, or cut from layers of planks in the so-called " See also:

BREAD

bread-and-See also:

BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter " See also:

style, or planked over a See also:

FRAME

frame of See also:

KEEL

keel and See also:

CROSS

cross-sections. The first two methods are used in constructing " dug-out " models. Hollowing out from the solid block entails a great See also:

DEAL

deal of labour and has there-fore fallen into disfavour. In the " bread-and-butter " style a number of planks, which have been shaped to the See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal sections of the model and from which the See also:

MIDDLE

middle has been sawn out, are glued together and then cut down to the exact lines of the See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, templates being used to test the precision of the curves. In the planked, or " built-up " model, which is generally chosen by more See also:

EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert builders, the planks are tacked to the frame, as in the construction of large vessels. Models now are generally exaggerated cutters, so far as their under-bodies are concerned, or, more often, are fitted with fin-keels weighted with See also:

lead, after the manner of full-sized yachts.

They may have any -rig, but See also:

SCHOONER

schooner and See also:

SLOOP

sloop rigs are most See also:

COMMON

common, the latter being the favourite for racing on account of its simplicity. Two kinds of steering-See also:

GEAR (connected with " garb," properly elegance, fashion, especially of dress, and with " gar," to cause to do, only found in Scottish and northern dialects; the root of the word is seen in the Old Tent. garwjan, to make ready)

gear are used, the weighted swinging See also:

RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder and the " See also:

main-See also:

SHEET

sheet See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance gear," the See also:

OBJECT

object of both being to keep the model on a true course, either before or against the See also:

wind. Models are often sailed without rudders, but though a perfectly built See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat will See also:

SAIL

sail readily against the wind without steering-gear, it is almost impossible to keep it on its course before the wind without some contrivance to check divergence. This is accomplished by the weighted rudder, which falls over when the vessel heels and tends to counteract the force of the See also:

BREEZE

breeze. There are two varieties of the weighted rudder, in the first of which the See also:

WEIGHT

weight, usually lead, is fixed to the edge of the rudder, while in the second the weight, usually a See also:

ball of lead, is made to run on the tiller above the See also:

DECK

deck, so that it can be placed further forward or aft, according to the force needed to overcome the See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the wind. While the weighted rudder is almost universal in the See also:

BRITISH

British Isles, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief model-yachtsmen in See also:

AMERICA

America use the " main-sheet balance gear," in which the See also:

BOOM

boom is connected with the tiller in such a manner that, when it swings out with a pressure of wind, the rudder is automatically pulled See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round sufficiently to keep the yacht in its course. This apparatus is particularly efficient in sailing before the wind. Model-yacht regattas are very different from the toy-boat matches indulged in by See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children from one See also:

side of a See also:

pond to the other. They take See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place upon sufficiently large bodies of water to allow a course at least a See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a mile in length, which is generally sailed twice or three times over to windward and back-See also:

ward. Triangular courses are also sailed. Racing rules correspond generally to those controlling regattas of large boats, and there is full See also:

SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope to exhibit all the proofs of See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman-ship. The yachts are followed in light skiffs, and may not be touched more than a certain number of times during a See also:

RACE

race, on See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of a See also:

HANDICAP

handicap.

Racing measurements differ in the various clubs, but all are based upon length and sail-See also:

AREA

area. In Great Britain the regular Yacht Racing Association See also:

RULE

rule has been generally adopted, and handicaps deducted from it, In America models are divided into a single schooner with a maxi-mum load water-See also:

LINE

line of 63 in., and three classes of sloops, the first class including yachts with water-lines between 48 and 53 in., the second class those between 42 and 48 in. and the third and smallest class those between 35 and 42 in. A yacht with a shorter water-line than 35 in. must race in the third class. It has been found that yachts of smaller dimensions possess too little resistance to the wind. See Model Sailing Yachts, in See also:

Marshall's See also:

PRACTICAL

Practical Manuals See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, r905; and How to Build a Model Yacht, by See also:

Herbert See also:

Fisher (New See also:

York, 1902).

End of Article: MODELS

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