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See also:ALBERT (See also:FRIEDRICH See also:RUDOLF ALBRECHT) , - See also:ARCHDUKE (1817-1895), See also:Austrian See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field-See also:marshal, was the eldest son of the archduke See also:Charles (Karl Friedrich), and was See also:born on the 3rd of See also:August 1817 at See also:Vienna. After being educated under the careful superintendence of his See also:father, he entered the Austrian (K. K.) See also:army as a See also:colonel of See also:infantry in 1837, and was transferred to the See also:cavalry See also:arm in 1839, becoming a See also:major-See also:general in 184o. A brief See also:period of leave in this See also:year he spent at the See also:great manoeuvres in See also:Italy, to learn the See also:art of See also:troop-leading from the first soldier in See also:Europe, See also:Radetzky. He then took over the command of a See also:brigade of all arms at See also:Graz. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of See also:Bavaria. He had been made a See also:lieutenant field-marshal in the previous year, and was now placed in command of the forces in Upper and See also:Lower See also:Austria. In this position he did much to maintain and improve the efficiency of the troops under his command, at a See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time when nearly all armies in Europe, with the exception of Radetzky's in Italy, had sunk to the lowest level. The See also:influence of Radetzky over the See also:young archduke was indeed remarkable. At this time the Austrian generals and See also:staff See also:officers had committed themselves blindly to the strategical method of the archduke Charles, the tradition of whose See also:practical soldiership survived only in Radetzky and a few others. Albert See also:chose to follow the latter, and was thus saved from the pseudo-scientific pedantry which brought defeat to the Austrian arms in 1859 and in 1866. His first serious service came in See also:March 1848, when it became his See also:duty, as See also:district See also:commander, to maintain See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order in Vienna by force, and at the outbreak of revolution in Vienna during the See also:month of March he was in command of the troops who came into collision with the rioters. Owing to the collapse of the See also:government it was impossible to repress the disturbances, and he was relieved from a See also:post which brought much unpopularity and was not suitable to be held by a member of the imperial See also:family. He went at once to the seat . of See also:war in Italy, and fought under Radetzky as a volunteer throughout the See also:campaign of 1848, being See also:present at the See also:action of I-astrengo and the battles of See also:Santa See also:Lucia and See also:Custozza. In the following campaign he applied for and obtained the command of a See also:division in the II. See also:corps (FZM. d'Aspre), though his previous grade had been that of a general commanding-in-See also:chief. The splendid fighting of the corps at See also:Novara was decisive of the -war, and Radetzky named d'Aspre, See also:Count Thurn, and the archduke as the general officers worthy of the greatest rewards. The field-marshal indeed recommended, and almost - insisted, that Albert should receive the much-prized order of Maria See also:Theresa. In 185o he became a general of cavalry, and in 1851 military and See also:civil See also:governor of See also:Hungary. In this important and difficult position he remained until 186o, when he was relieved at his own See also:request. Shortly afterwards he was appointed to succeed Radetzky as commander-in-chief in Italy, and in 1863 he was promoted field-marshal. In the following year the archduke lost his wife, soon after See also:tile See also:marriage of their See also:elder daughter to See also:Duke See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip of See also:Wurttemberg. In 1859 and 1864 he was sent on important military and See also:diplomatic See also:missions to See also:Berlin. When
war became imminent in r866, the archduke took command of the field army in Italy. The See also:story of the campaign of 1866 in Italy will be found under See also:ITALIAN See also:WARS (1848—187o); the operations of the archduke, who disposed of greatly inferior forces, were crowned with success in the brilliant victory of Custozza (See also:June 23), and his reputation as a general-in-chief was firmly established by only eight days of field operations, though it is possible that his chief of staff, Lieut. Field-Marshal von See also:John, contributed not a little to the success of the Austrian arms. The result of Custozza was the See also:retreat and See also:complete immobilization of the whole Italian army, so that Albert was able to despatch the greater See also:part of his troops to reinforce the Bohemian army, when, after being defeated by the Prussians, it See also:fell back on Vienna. On the loth of See also:July the archduke was summoned to Vienna to take supreme command of the forces which were being collected to defend the See also:capital, but See also:peace was made before further hostilities took See also:place. From this time, under various titles, he acted as inspector-general of the army. Like his father, and with better See also:fortune, he was called upon to reorganize the military See also:system, of his See also:country on an entirely new See also:plan, learned, as before, by defeat. The principle of universal See also:short service, and the theory of the armed nation, were necessarily the groundwork of the reforms, and the consequent preparation of all the See also:national resources for their task in war, by the superintendence of peace See also:administration, by the skilful conduct of manoeuvres, was thenceforward the task of his lifetime. In 187o he conducted the military negotiations preparatory to an See also:alliance with See also:France, which, however, was not concluded. The tragic See also:death of his daughter, Princess Mathilde, in 1867, and the death of his See also:brother, Archduke Karl See also:Ferdinand, in 1874, narrowed still further his family circle, and impelled him to even greater activity in his military duties, and to effective participation in the See also:work of many military charities. He retained See also:personal See also:control of the army until his last illness, which he contracted at the funeral of his See also:nephew See also:Francis, ex-See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Naples. His only remaining brother, the archduke Wilhelm, had died a few months before, as the result of an See also:accident. He himself died on the 18th of See also:February 1895. His only son died in childhood, and his nephew Archduke See also:Frederick (born 1856) inherited his great possessions, including the Albertina, a famous collection of books, See also:manuscripts, engravings and maps, founded by Duke Albert of See also:Saxe-See also:Teschen.
Amongst the military See also:works of the Archduke Albert may be named Uber See also:die Verantwortlichkeit See also:im Kriege (a work which created a great sensation, and was translated into See also:English and See also:French), Gedanken uber dem Militargeist, Uber die hohere Leitung im Kriege, and Kritische Betrachtungen uber den Feldzug 1866 in Italien. He also was the See also:principal editor of the military works of his father.
See See also:Duncker, F. M. Erzherzog Albrecht (Vienna and See also:Prague, 1897) ; Mathes v. Bilabruck, Gedenkrede auf Weiland Sr. K. u. K. H. Erzh. Albrecht," Mil.-Wissenschaftl. Verein, 1895; Teuber, F. M. Erzh. Albrecht, ein Lebensbild (Vienna, 1895).
End of Article: ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
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