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ALLIANCE , in See also:international See also:law, a See also:league between See also:independent states, defined by treaty, for the purpose of combined See also:action, defensive or offensive, or both. Alliances have usually been directed to specific See also:objects carefully defined in the See also:treaties. Thus the Triple Alliance of 1688 between See also:Great See also:Britain, See also:Sweden and the See also:Netherlands, and the See also:Grand Alliance of 1689 between the See also:emperor, See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, See also:England, See also:Spain and See also:Saxony, were both directed against the See also:power of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. The Quadruple or Grand Alliance of 1814, defined in the treaty of Chaumont, between Great Britain, See also:Austria, See also:Russia and See also:Prussia, had for its See also:object the overthrow of See also:Napoleon and his See also:dynasty, and the confining of See also:France within her traditional boundaries. The Triple Alliance of 1882 between See also:Germany, Austria and See also:Italy was ostensibly directed to the preservation of See also:European See also:peace against any possible aggressive action of France or Russia; and this led in turn, some ten years later, to the Dual Alliance between Russia and France, for mutual support in See also:case of any hostile action of the other See also:powers. Occasionally, however, attempts have been made to give alliances a more See also:general See also:character. Thus the " See also:Holy Alliance " (q.v.) of the 26th of See also:September 1815 was an See also:attempt, inspired by the religious See also:idealism of the emperor See also:Alexander I. of Russia, to find in the " sacred precepts of the See also:Gospel " a See also:common basis for a general league of the European governments, its object being, primarily, the preservation of peace. So, too, by See also:Article VI. of the Quadruple Treaty signed at See also:Paris on the loth of See also:November 1815—which renewed that of Chaumont and was again renewed, in 1818, at See also:Aix-la-Chapelle—the See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope of the Grand Alliance was extended to objects of
See also:ALLIER 695
common See also:interest not specifically defined in the treaties. The article runs:—" In See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to consolidate the intimate tie which unites the four sovereigns for the happiness of the See also:world, the High Contracting Powers have agreed to renew at fixed intervals, either under their own auspices or by their respective ministers, meetings consecrated to great common objects and to the examination of such See also:measures as at each one of these epochs shall be judged most salutary for the peace and prosperity of the nations and the See also:maintenance of the tranquillity of See also:Europe."
It was this article of the treaty of the loth of November 1815, rather than the " Holy Alliance," that formed the basis of the serious effort made by the great powers, between 1815 and 1822, to govern Europe in See also:concert, which will be found outlined in the article on the See also:history of Europe. In general it proved that an alliance, to be effective, must be clearly defined as to its objects, and that in the See also:long run the treaty in which these objects are defined must—to quote See also:Bismarck's somewhat cynical dictum —" be reinforced by the interests " of the parties concerned. Yet the " moral alliance " of Europe, as See also:Count See also:Nesselrode called it, though it failed to secure the permanent See also:harmony of the powers, was an effective See also:instrument for peace during the years immediately following the downfall of Napoleon; and it set the precedent for those periodical meetings of the representatives of the powers, for the discussion and See also:settlement of questions of international importance, which, though cumbrous and inefficient for constructive See also:work, have contributed much to the preservation of the general peace (see EUROPE: History). (W. A.
End of Article: ALLIANCE
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