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See also:NESSELRODE, KARL See also:ROBERT, See also:COUNT (178o-I862) , See also:Russian diplomatist and statesman, was See also:born on the 14th of See also:December 1780 at See also:Lisbon, where his See also:father (d. 181o) was Russian See also:ambassador. In deference to his See also:mother's Protestantism he was baptized in the See also:chapel of the See also:British See also:embassy, thus becoming a member of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of See also:England. The Nesselrodes were of Westphalian origin, but had See also:long been settled in See also:Livonia. Nesselrode's See also:German origin was emphasized by his See also:education in a See also:Berlin gymnasium, his father having been appointed ambassador to the Prussian See also:court about 1787. When he was sixteen he entered the Russian See also:navy, and his father's See also:influence procured for him the position of See also:naval aide-de-See also:camp to the See also:emperor See also:Paul. He presently exchanged into the See also:army, obtained a further court See also:appointment, and entered the See also:diplomatic service. Nesselrode was attached to the Russian embassy at Berlin, and transferred thence to the See also:Hague. In See also:August 1806 he received a See also:commission to travel in See also:South See also:Germany to See also:report on the See also:French troops; he was then attached as diplomatic secretary to Generals Kamenski, Buxhoewden and See also:Bennigsen in See also:succession. He was See also:present at the See also:battle of See also:Eylau in See also:January 1807, and assisted at the negotiation of the See also:peace of See also:Tilsit. Immediately afterwards
he was' sent to See also:Paris to join the embassy of Count See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter See also:Tolstoy, whom he accompanied in the See also:spring of the next See also:year to the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting of the two emperors at See also:Erfurt. After his return to Paris he strengthened the understanding between See also:Alexander I. and Talleyrand consequent on the Erfurt meeting, and acted as intermediary between the two. On the appointment of a successor to Count Tolstoy he retired to St See also:Petersburg, but returned to Paris See also:early in 1810 charged with a commission from Sperauski to Talleyrand and the See also:marquis de See also:Caulaincourt, formerly ambassador in St Petersburg, both of whom were hostile to See also:Napoleon's policy of aggression. After the See also:breach of diplomatic relations with See also:Russia in 1811, Nesselrode returned to St Petersburg by way of See also:Vienna in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to See also:exchange views with Metternich. He sought to persuade Alexander to open negotiations with Napoleon, if only to throw the onus of breaking the peace entirely on the French See also:side. He joined the See also:tsar's headquarters at See also:Vilna in See also:March 1812 and, though Rumiantzov was still See also:foreign See also:minister, it was Nesselrode who directed the foreign policy of Russia from this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time forward. He was present at the battle of See also:Leipzig, and accompanied the invading army to Paris; he negotiated the See also:capitulation of See also:Marmont and See also:Mortier at See also:Clichy, and signed the treaty of Chaumont on the 1st of March 1814. His former relations with Talleyrand facilitated negotiations in Paris, and his See also:great influence with the emperor was used in favour of the restoration of the Bourbons, and, after See also:Waterloo, against the See also:imposition of a ruinous See also:war See also:indemnity on See also:France. At the See also:congress of Vienna he was associated with Count See also:Capo d'See also:Istria, and when, in August 1816, Alexander made him secretary of See also:state for foreign affairs in succession to Rumiantzov, it was again in See also:conjunction with the See also:Greek statesman, from whom he differed widely in temperament and ideas. The emperor Alexander I., however, was See also:apt to keep the direction of affairs in his own hands and so long as Alexander inclined to Liberalism Capo d'Istria was the interpreter of his will, but as the emperor veered towards Metternich's See also:system Nesselrode became his See also:mouthpiece. After Alexander's final " See also:conversion " to reactionary principles, Capo d'Istria was dismissed (1822) and Nesselrode definitely took his See also:place. He had consistently advocated Alexander's project of a " universal See also:union," symbolized by the See also:Holy See also:Alliance, in contradistinction to the narrower system of the alliance of the great See also:powers; and, when the Greek insurrection See also:broke out, he did much to determine the tsar to See also:sacrifice his sympathy with the Orthodox Greeks to his See also:dream of the See also:European See also:confederation (see ALEXANDER I., emperor of Russia).
After Alexander's See also:death in 1825 Nesselrode retained See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office under See also:Nicholas I. He was responsible for the See also:change of policy of Russia towards the See also:Ottoman See also:empire after 1829, viz. that of abandoning the traditional See also:idea of conquering See also:Constantinople in favour of keeping the Ottoman See also:power weak and dependent on the tsar. This was his policy during the revolt of Mehemet See also:Ali (q.v.), and it was Nesselrode who inspired the terms of the famous treaty of Unkiar Skelessi (1833). Nicholas I. was, however, even less inclined than his See also:brother to place himself in the hands of a minister; and Nesselrode showed himself amenable, though when his views differed from those of the emperor he stated them with great frankness. He conducted the negotiations which led to the shelving of the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi and to the alliance between Russia and Great See also:Britain which, issuing ultimately in the Straits See also:Convention of 1841—to which France also was a party—healed the breach which had so long divided the powers of eastern and western See also:Europe.
In 1849 it was Nesselrode who suggested the intervention of Russia in See also:Hungary in favour of the See also:Austrian See also:government, although he restrained the tsar from active intervention in France then as in 1830. During the crisis of 1853 he prolonged negotiation in the See also:hope of averting war. The last of his important See also:political acts, the See also:signing of the treaty of Paris in 1856, undid the results of his patient efforts to establish Russian preponderance in the See also:Balkan See also:peninsula. He then retired from the foreign office, retaining the chancellorship, which he hadheld since 1844. He died at St Petersburg on the 23rd of March 1862.
See Lettres et papiers du chancelier See also:comte de Nesselrode r76o-185o, the first See also:volume of which was issued by his See also:grandson Count Anatole Nesselrode at Paris in 1904. This See also:work includes letters of the See also:chancellor's father, Count See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William, Nesselrode's See also:correspondence, and important state papers. In vol. ii. is a fragment of an autobiography (to 1814), which Count Nesselrode did not live to See also:complete. See also Correspondance diplomatique du comte Pozzo di Borgo et du comte de Nesselrode, edited by See also:Charles Pozzo di Borgo (Paris, 2 vols., 1890-1897).
End of Article: NESSELRODE, KARL ROBERT, COUNT (178o-I862)
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