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alum are certainly useful in suitable cases. Diphtheritic conjunctivitis is characterized by an infiltration into the conjunctival tissues which, owing to See also:

GREAT

great coagulability, rapidly interferes with the See also:

NUTRITION

nutrition of the invaded See also:

AREA

area and thus leads to See also:

NECROSIS (Gr. vEKpos, corpse)

necrosis of the diphtheritic membrane. Conjunctival See also:

DIPHTHERIA (from 8c4BEpa, a skin or membrane)

diphtheria may or may not be associated with diphtheria of the See also:

THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat. It is essentially a disease of See also:

early childhood, not more than ro% of all cases occurring after the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of four.

The cornea is exposed to great See also:

RISK

risk, more particularly during the first few days, and may be lost by necrosis. Subsequent ulceration is not uncommon, but may often be arrested before See also:

COMPLETE

complete destruction has taken See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place. The disease is generally confined to one See also:

eye, and complicated by swelling of the preauricular glands of that See also:

side. It may prove fatal. In true conjunctival diphtheria the exciting cause is the Klebs-LSflier bacillus. The inflammation occurs in very varying degrees of severity. The secretion is at first thin and scant, afterwards purulent and more copious. In severe cases there is great chemosis with much tense swelling of the lids, which are often of an ashy-See also:

grey See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour. A streptococcus infection produces somewhat similar and often quite as disastrous results. The treatment must be both general with antitoxin and local with See also:

ANTISEPTICS (Gr. avrl, against, and 6177rrnKor, putrefactive)

antiseptics. Of rarer forms of conjunctivitis may be mentioned Parinaud's conjunctivitis and the so-called See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring See also:

CATARRH (from the Gr. Karappeiv, to flow down)

catarrh. Non-inflammatory Conjunctival Affections.—These are of less importance than conjunctivitis, either on See also:

account of their See also:

COMPARATIVE

comparative infrequency or because of their harmlessness.

The following conditions may be shortly referred to. Amyloid degeneration, in which waxy-looking masses grow from the palpebral conjunctiva of both lids, often attaining very considerable dimensions. The See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is not uncommon in See also:

CHINA

China and elsewhere in the East. Essential Shrinking of the Conjunctiva.—This is the result of See also:

PEMPHIGUS (Gr. rrEµ¢eE, a bubble)

pemphigus, in which the disease has attacked the conjunctiva and led to its See also:

ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

atrophy. Pterygium is a hypertrophic thickening of the conjunctiva of triangular shape firmly attached by its See also:

APEX

apex to the superficial layers of the cornea. It is a See also:

COMMON

common condition in warm climates1807. The battle was preceded by a severe general engagement on the 7th. The See also:

head of Napoleon's See also:

COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column (See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and See also:

INFANTRY

infantry), advancing from the See also:

south-See also:

west, found itself opposed at the outlet of the Griinhefchen See also:

DEFILE

defile by a strong See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian rearguard which held the (frozen) lakes on either side of the Eylau road, and attacked at once, dislodging the enemy after a See also:

sharp conflict. The See also:

French turned both wings of the enemy, and See also:

BAGRATION, PETER, PRINCE (1765-1812)

Bagration; who commanded the Russian rearguard, retired through Eylau to the See also:

main army, which was now arrayed for battle east of Eylau. See also:

Barclay de See also:

TALLY

Tally made a strenuous resistance in Eylau itself, and in the See also:

churchyard, and these localities changed hands several times, before remaining finally in See also:

possession of the French. It is very dbubtful whether Napoleon actually ordered this attack upon Eylau, and it is suggested that the French soldiers were encouraged to a premature See also:

ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault by the See also:

hope of obtaining quarters in the See also:

VILLAGE

village. There is, however, no See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that this attack was prejudicial to Napoleon's See also:

CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance, of success, for his own army was intended to See also:

PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin the enemy in front, while the outlying " masses of manoeuvre " closed upon his flanks and See also:

REAR

rear (see See also:

NAPOLEONIC

NAPOLEONIC See also:

CAMPAIGNS

CAMPAIGNS).

In this See also:

case the vigour of the " general advanced guard " was superfluous, for Bennigsen stood to fight of his"own See also:

FREE

free will. The foremost line of the French bivouacs extended from Rothenen to Freiheit, but a large proportion of the army spent the See also:

NIGHT

night in quarters farther back. The Russian army on the other See also:

hand spent the night bivouacked in order of battle, the right at Schloditten and the See also:

LEFT

left at Serpallen. The See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold was extreme, 2 F. being registered in the early See also:

MORNING

morning, and See also:

food was scarce in both armies. The ground was covered at the See also:

time of battle with deep See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, and all the lakes and marshes were frozen, so that troops of all arms could pass everywhere, so far as the snow permitted. Two of Napoleon's See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps (See also:

DAVOUT, LOUIS NICOLAS

Davout and See also:

NEY, MICHEL

Ney) were still absent, and Ney did not receive his orders until the morning of the 8th. His task was to descend upon the Russian right, and also to prevent a Prussian corps under Lestocq from coming on to the battlefield. Davout's corps advancing from the south-east on Mollwitten was destined for the attack of Bennigsen's left wing about Serpallen and See also:

KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD (1810–1876)

Klein Sausgarten. In the meantime Napoleon with his forces at and about Eylau made the preparations for the frontal attack. His infantry extended from the See also:

WINDMILL

windmill, through Eylau, to Rothenen, and the See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery was deployed along the whole front; behind each infantry corps and on the wings stood the cavalry. The Guard was in second line south of Eylau, and an army reserve stood near the Waschkeiten See also:

lake. Bennigsen's army was See also:

DRAWN

drawn up in line from Schloditten to Klein Sausgarten, the front likewise covered by guns, in which See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm he was numerically much See also:

SUPERIOR

superior.

A detachment occupied Serpallen. The battle opened in a dense snowstorm. About 8 A.M. Bennigsen's guns opened See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire on Eylau, and after a fierce but undecided artillery fight the French delivered an infantry attack from Eylau. This was repulsed with heavy losses, and the Russians advanced towards the windmill in force. Thereupon Napoleon ordered his centre, the VII. corps of See also:

AUGEREAU, PIERRE FRANCOIS CHARLES

Augereau, to move forward from the church against the Russian front, the See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of St Hilaire on Augereau's right participating in the attack. If we conceive of this first See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the battle as the See also:

ACTION

action of the " general advanced guard," See also:

ANGEL

Angel-eau must be held to have overdone his See also:

PART

part. The VII. corps advanced in dense masses, but in the fierce snowstorm lost its direction. St Hilaire attacked directly and unsupported; Augereau's corps was still less fortunate. See also:

CROSSING

Crossing obliquely the front of the Russian line, as if making for Schloditten, it came under a See also:

feu d'enfer ands was practically annihilated. In the confusion the Russian cavalry charged with the utmost fury downhill and with the See also:

wind behind them. Three thousand men only out of about fourteen thousand appeared at the evening See also:

PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade of the corps.

The See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest were killed, wounded, prisoners or dispersed. The See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal and every See also:

SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior officer was amongst the killed and wounded, and one See also:

REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, the 14th of the Line, cut off in the midst of the Russians and refusing to surrender, See also:

fell almost to a See also:

man. The Russian See also:

EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

Emery See also:

Walker sc. o . x x Imass counterstroke penetrated into Eylau itself and Napoleon himself was in serious danger. With the utmost coolness, however, he judged the See also:

pace of the Russian advance and ordered up a See also:

BATTALION

battalion of the Guard at the exact moment required. In the streets of Eylau the Guard had the Russians at their See also:

mercy, and few escaped. Still the situation for the French was desperate and the battle had to be maintained at all See also:

COSTS

costs. Napoleon now sent forward the cavalry along the whole line. In the centre the See also:

charge was led by See also:

MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat and Bessieres, and the Russian horsemen were swept off the See also:

field. The See also:

CUIRASSIERS

Cuirassiers under D'Hautpoult charged through the Russian guns, See also:

broke through the first line of infantry and then through the second, penetrating to the See also:

woods of Anklappen. The See also:

SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock of a second See also:

WAVE

wave of cavalry broke the lines again, and though in the final retirement the exhausted troopers lost terribly, they had achieved their See also:

OBJECT

object. The See also:

WRECK

wreck of Augereau's and other divisions had been reformed, the Guard brought up into first line, and, above all, Davout's leading troops had occupied Serpallen.

Thence, with his left in See also:

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with Napoleon's right (St Hilaire), and his right extending gradually towards Klein Sausgarten, the marshal pressed steadily upon the Russian left, See also:

ROLLING

rolling it up before him, until his right had reached Kutschitten and his centre Anklappen. By that time the troops under Napoleon's immediate command, pivoting their left on Eylau church, had wheeled gradually inward until the generalline extended from the. church to Kutschitten. The Russian army was being driven westward, when the advance of Lestocq gave them fresh steadiness. The Prussian corps had been fighting a continuous flank-guard action against Marshal Ney to the See also:

north-west of Althof, and Lestocq had finally succeeded in disengaging his main See also:

BODY

body, Ney being held up at Althof by a small rearguard, while the Prussians, gathering as they went the fugitives of the Russian army, hastened to oppose Davout. The impetus of these fresh troops led by Lestocq and his See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff officer See also:

SCHARNHORST, GERHARD JOHANN DAVID VON (1755-1813)

Scharnhorst was, such as to check even the famous divisions of Davout's corps which had won the battle of Auerstadt single-handed. The French were now gradually forced back until their right was again at Sausgarten and their centre on the Kreege See also:

BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

Berg. Both sides were now utterly exhausted, for the Prussians also had been marching and fighting all See also:

day against Ney. The battle died away at nightfall, Ney's corps being unable effectively to intervene owing to the steadiness of the Prussian detachment left to oppose him, and the extreme difficulty of the roads. A severe conflict between the Russian extreme right and Ney's corps which at last appeared on the field at Schloditten ended the battle. Bennigsen retreated during the night through Schmoditten, Lestocq through Kutschitten. The See also:

numbers engaged in the first stage of the battle may be taken as—Napoleon, 50,000, Bennigsen, 67,000, to which later were added on the one side Ney and Davout, 29,000, on the other Lestocq, 7000. The losses were roughly,.

15,o0o men to the French, 18,000 to the See also:

ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies, or 21 and 27% respectively of the troops actually engaged. The French lost 5 eagles and 7 other See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, the Russians 16, colours and 24 guns.

End of Article: EYLAU (Preussisch-Eylau)

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