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See also:KONIGSBERG (See also:Polish Krolewiec) , a See also:town of See also:Germany, See also:capital of the See also:province of See also:East See also:Prussia and a fortress of the first See also:rank. Pop. (188o), 140,800; (189o), 161,666; (1905), 219,862 (including the incorporated suburbs). It is situated on rising ground, on both sides of the Pregel, 42 m. from its mouth in the Frische Haff, 397 M. N. E. of See also:Berlin, on the railway to Eydtkuhnen and at the junction of lines to See also:Pillau, See also:Tilsit and Kranz. It consists of three parts, which were formerly See also:independent administrative See also:units, the Altstadt (old town), to the See also:west, Lobenicht to the east, and the See also:island Kneiphof, together with numerous suburbs, all embraced in a See also:circuit of 91 See also:miles. The Pregel, spanned by many See also:bridges, flows through the town in two branches, which ,unite below the Grune Briicke. Its greatest breadth within the town is from 8o to 90 yards, and it is usually frozen from See also:November to See also:March. Konigsberg does not retain many marks of antiquity. The Altstadt has See also:long and. narrow streets, but the Kneiphof See also:quarter is roomier. Of the seven See also:market-places only that in the Altstadt retains something of its former See also:appearance. Among the more interesting buildings are the Schloss, a long rectangle begun in 1255 and added to later, with a See also:Gothic See also:tower 277 ft. high and a See also:chapel built in 1592, in which See also:Frederick
I. in 1701 and See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William I. in 1861 crowned themselves See also:kings of Prussia; and the See also:cathedral, begun in 1333 and restored in 1856, a Gothic See also:building with a tower 164 ft. high, adjoining which is the See also:tomb of See also:Kant. The Schloss was originally the See also:residence of the See also:Grand Masters of the See also:Teutonic See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and later of the See also:dukes of Prussia. Behind is the See also:parade-ground, with the statues of See also:Albert I. and of Frederick William III. by See also:August See also:Kiss, and the grounds also contain monuments to Frederick I. and William I. To the east is the Schlossteich, a long narrow ornamental See also:lake covering 12 acres. The See also:north-west See also:side of the parade-ground is occupied by the new university buildings, completed in 1865; 'these and the new See also:exchange on the See also:south side of the Pregel are the finest architectural features of the town. The university (Collegium Albertinum) was founded in 1544 by Albert I., See also:duke of Prussia, as a " purely Lutheran " See also:place of learning. It is chiefly distinguished for its mathematical and philosophical studies, and possesses a famous See also:observatory, established in 1811 by Frederick William See also:Bessel, a library of about 240,000 volumes, a zoological museum, a botanical See also:garden, laboratories and valuable mathematical and other scientific collections. Among its famous professors have been Kant (who was See also:born here in 1724 and to whom a See also:monument was erected in 1864),
J. G. von See also:Herder, Bessel, F. See also:Neumann and J. F. See also:Herbart. It is attended by about r000 students and has a teaching See also:staff of over roo. Among other educational establishments, Konigsberg See also:numbers four classical See also:schools (gymnasia) and three commercial schools, an See also:academy of See also:painting and a school of See also:music. The hospitals and benevolent institutions are numerous. The town is less well equipped with museums and similar institutions, the most noteworthy being the Prussia museum of antiquities, which is especially See also:rich in East Prussian finds from the See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
Stone See also:age to the See also:Viking See also:period. Besides the cathedral the town has fourteen churches.
Konigsberg is a See also:naval and military fortress of the first order. The fortifications were begun in 1843 and were only completed in 1905, although the place was surrounded by walls in See also:early times. The See also:works consist of an inner See also:wall, brought into connexion with an outlying See also:system of works, and of twelve detached forts, of which six are on the right and six on the See also:left See also:bank of the Pregel. Between them See also:lie two See also:great forts, that of Friedrichsburg on an island in the Pregel and that of the Kaserne Kronprinz on the east of the town, both within the environing ramparts. The protected position of its See also:harbour has made Konigsberg ene of the most important commercial cities of Germany. A new channel has recently been made between it and its See also:port, Pillau, 29 miles distant, on the See also:outer side of the Frische Haff, so as to admit vessels See also:drawing 20 feet of See also:water right up to the quays of
Konigsberg, and the result has been to stimulate the See also:trade of the See also:city. It is protected for a long distance by moles, in which a break has been left in the Fischhauser Wiek, to permit of freer circulation of the water and to prevent damage to the mainland.
The See also:industries of Konigsberg have made great advances within See also:recent years, notable among them are See also:printing-works and manufactures of machinery, locomotives, carriages, chemicals, toys, See also:sugar, See also:cellulose, See also:beer, See also:tobacco and cigars, pianos and See also:amber wares. The See also:principal exports are cereals and See also:flour, See also:cattle, horses, See also:hemp, See also:flax, See also:timber, sugar and oilcake. There are two See also:pretty public parks, one in the Hufen, with a zoological garden attached, another the Luisenwahl which commemorates the sojourn of See also:Queen Louisa of Prussia in the town in the disastrous See also:year 18o6.
The Altstadt of Konigsberg See also:grew up around the See also:castle built in 12J5 by the Teutonic Order, on the See also:advice of Ottaker II. See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King of Bohemia, after whom the place was named. Its first site was near the fishing See also:village of Steindamm, but after its destruction by the Prussians in 1263 it was rebuilt in its See also:present position. It received civic privileges in 1286, the two other parts of the present town—Lobenicht and Kneiphof—receiving them a few years later. In 1340 Konigsberg entered the Hanseatic See also:League. From 1457 it was the residence of the grand See also:master of the Teutonic Order, and from 1525 till 1618 of the dukes of Prussia. The trade of Konigsberg was much hindered by the See also:constant shifting and silting up of the channels leading to its harbour; and the great See also:northern See also:wars did it immense harm, but before the end of the 17th See also:century it had almost recovered.
In 1724 the three independent parts were See also:united into a single town by Frederick William I.
Konigsberg suffered severely during the See also:war of liberation and was occupied by the See also:French in 1807. In 1813 the town was the See also:scene of the deliberations which led to the successful uprising of Prussia against See also:Napoleon. During the 19th century the opening of a railway system in East Prussia and See also:Russia gave a new impetus to its See also:commerce, making it the principal outlet for the See also:Russian staples—See also:grain, seeds, flax and hemp. It has now See also:regular See also:steam communication with See also:Memel, See also:Stettin, See also:Kiel, See also:Amsterdam and See also:Hull.
See See also:Faber, See also:Die See also:Haupt- and Residenzstadt Konigsberg in Preussen (Konigsberg, 1840) ; See also:Schubert, Zur boo jahrigen JubelfeierKonigsbergs (Konigsberg. 185J); Beckherrn, Geschichte der Befestigungen Konigsbergs (Konigsberg, 1890) ; H. G. See also:Prutz, Die konigliche Albertus-Universitit zu Konigsberg fin z9 Jahrhundert (Konigsberg, 1894); Armstedt, Geschichte der koniglichen Haupt- and Residenzstadt Konigsberg (See also:Stuttgart, 1899) ; M.See also:Schultze, Konigsberg and Ostpreussen zu .4nfang 1813 (Berlin, 1901); and Gordak, Wegweiser dutch Konigsberg (Konigsberg, 1904).
End of Article: KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)
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