SUGAR MANUFACTURE Sugar-See also:

• CANE

Dom Enrique, See also:

• INFANTE (Spanish and Portuguese form of Lat. infans, young child)

The collection of the sap (toddy) begins about the end of See also:

• OCTOBER

The following table may be useful to planters and central factory owners. It shows the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

4/24 6/2 8/– A value 6/8 7/94 8/to; 10/- II/I4 seeparent preceding Table) But it is obvious that it would not pay a planter to sell canes at 4s. 24d. a ton instead of at 1os. a ton, any more than it would pay a factory to make only 62.2 tons of sugar in 24 hours, or 6220 tons in the crop of too days, instead of 10,000 tons. Hence arises the imperative See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

5. The curing or preparation of the crystals for the market by separating the See also:

• MOLASSES

In the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

b. Canes vary very much in respect of the quality and also as to the quantity of the juice they contain. The quantity of the juice is the test to which recourse must be had in judging the efficiency of the extraction, while the quality is the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Percentage of fibre to II 12 13 14 15 in canes . . . Percentage of juice 90 89 88 87 86 85 in canes . . . Percentage of juice 10 II 12 13 14 15 retained in me- gass . . . . Percentage of maxi- 8o 78 76 74 72 70 mum expression. Percentage of best 79 76.9 74.9 72.9 70.6 68.5 average expres- See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

79.20% ,, triple „ to% 82.72 % ,. „ diffusion with 205% To prevent the serious loss of juice left in the megass by even the best double and triple crushing, maceration or imbibition was introduced. The megass coming from the first mill MaceratMn was saturated with See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

These attachments, first invented by See also:

• JEREMIAH

As See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

The hot liquor is con-ducted downwards" in a continuous steady stream by a central pipe to eight See also:

• HORIZONTAL

and is fitted with a cylindrical curb or See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

The clear juice in the meantime flows over the edge of the cylindrical vessel without disturbance and finds its way out by the short leg of the siphon, and so passes to the canal for See also:

• COLLECTING

The juice is then drawn off and pumped up to one of the double-bottomed defecators and redefecated, or, where juice-heaters have" been used instead of defecators, the scums from the separators or subsiders are heated and forced through filter presses, the juice expressed going to the evaporators and the scum cakes formed in the filter presses to the fields as manure. In diffusion plants the milk of lime is added, in proper proportion, in the cells of the diffusion See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

In the best days of the so-called See also:

• JAMAICA

In places where work is carried on day and See also:

• NIGHT

"A table is also given of boiling points from 115° F. to 175° F., corresponding to decimal parts of an inch of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

On some plantations making sugar for particular markets and use in refineries it is the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

The reason is obvious. The claying system involved the expense of large curing houses and the employment of many hands, and See also:

• FORTY

To drive these See also:

• MACHINES

The bagasse so used is now commonly taken straight from the cane mill to furnaces specially designed for burning it, in its moist state and without previous drying, and delivering the hot gases from it to suitable boilers, such as those of the multitubular type or of the water-See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

(98.8° C.) is maintained in the juice within the defecator during the whole time it is at work. Earthy matter and other matter precipitated and fallen on the copper double bottom may be dislodged by a slowly revolving scraper—say every twelve hours—and ejected through the bottom discharge cock; and thus the heating surface of the copper bottom will be kept in full efficiency. With ordinary care on the part of the men in charge Hatton defecators will work continuously for several days and nights, and the number required to deal with a given volume of juice is half the number of ordinary defecators of equal capacity which would do the same work; for it must be borne in mind that an ordinary double-bottomed defecator takes two hours to deliver its charge and be in readiness to receive a fresh charge, i.e. 20 minutes for filling and washing out after emptying; 6o minutes for heating up and subsiding; and 40 minutes for See also:

• DRAWING

The roots were grown under exactly the same cultivation and conditions as a crop of mangel-wurzel—that is to say, they had the ordinary cultivation and manuring of the usual root crops. The weight per acre, the saccharine contents of the juice, and the quotient of purity compared favourably with the best results obtained in Germany or France, and with those achieved by the See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

This hopper was divided into two parts by vertical See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

The slices so blown up, or elevated; are passed through a mill which expels the surplus water, and are then pressed into cakes and dried until they hold about 12 % of water and 88% of beet fibre. These cakes, sold as food for cattle, fetch as much as £4 per ton in See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

A process for purifying and decolorizing the juice expressed from beetroots by the addition of a small quantity of manganate of lime (2o to 5o grammes per hectolitre of juice), under the influence of an electric current, was worked with considerable success in a sugar factory in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

The wholesale jam manufacturers of the present day use this sugar; they boil the jam in vacuo and secure a product that will last a long time without deteriorating, but it lacks the delicacy and distinctive flavour of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

They consist of tanks or cisterns fitted with " heads " from which a number of bags of specially See also:

• WOVEN

This, being folded and placed in its sheath, is attached by both ends to the head, so that the melted liquor runs into both openings at the same time. The mud collects at the bottom of the u, and allows the upper part of the bag to filter for a longer time than would be the case if the bottom end were closed and if the bag hung straight like the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

By carefully watching the flow from the discharge cock of the cistern the change from the first liquor to the next is easily detected, and the discharge is diverted from the canal for the first liquor to the canal for the second liquor, and, when required, to the canals for the third and fourth liquors. Finally, boiling water is admitted and forces out all the last liquor, and then continues to run and wash out the sweets until only a trace remains. This weak solution, called " sweet water," is sometimes used for Melting the raw sugar, or it is evaporated in a multiple-effect apparatus to 27° Beaume density, passed through the char filter, and cooked in the vacuum pan like the other liquors. After the sweets have come away, cold water is passed through the char until no trace of lime or sulphate of lime is found in it; then a large manhole at the bottom of the cistern is opened, and the washed and spent char is removed. In most modern refineries the cisterns are so arranged that the spent char falls on to a travelling band and is conducted to an elevator which carries it up to the drying See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

In the best-appointed refineries, the whole of the work in connexion with the char is performed mechanically, with the exception of packing the filter cisterns with fresh char and emptying the spent and washed char on to the carrying bands. In former days, when refining sugar or " sugar See also:

• BAKING

The systematic washing of the massecuite is the See also:

• REVERSE

The cubes fall from the cutting machine on to a riddling machine, which separates those which are defective in size from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

One of the earliest references to sugar in Great Britain is that of roo,000 lb of sugar being shipped to London in 1319 by Tomasso Loredano, See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Eryth. § 14; Dioscorides ii. 104. The view, often repeated, that the saccharum of the ancients is the See also:

• HYDRATE

372. ' Istakhri p. 91; See also:

• YAKUT, or YAKUT (Yaqut ibn 'Abdallah ur-Rumi) (1179-1229)

In these circumstances, the British government sent out invitations on the 2nd of See also:

• JULY

But the minute and commission were not barren of result. A fresh conference of the powers assembled at Brussels, on the invitation of the Belgian government, on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

This decisive step was not long in making itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

Crystals Refined Germany Sugars classed as (per cwt.) Raw Sugar. Refined Sugar. Countries— . . . s. d. s. d. Belgium t to See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

1 10.8, t 6 0 3 See also:

• SIR

Total. Per cent. price Year. Cane. Beet. Total. Per cent. price Beet. per cwt. Beet. per cwt. s. d. s. d. 1840 1,100,000 50,000 1,150,000 4.35 48 0 1884-1885 2,351,000 2,545,000 4,896,000 51.98 12 4 1850 1,200,000 200,000 1,400,000 14.29 40 0 1885-1886 2,339,000 2,223,000 4,562,000 48.72 13 I 1860 1,510,000 389,000 1,899,000 20.43 35 0 1886-1887 2,345,000 2,733,000 5,078,000 53.82 II 9 1870 1,585,000 831,000 2,416,000 34.40 32 0 1887-1888 2,465,000 2,451,000 4,916,000 49.85 12 9 1871-1872 1,599,000 1,020,000 2,619,000 38.95 24 9 1888-1889 2,263,000 2,725,000 4,988,000 54.63 14 10 1872-1873 1,793,000 1,210,000 3,003,000 40.29 24 8 1889-1890 2,069,000 3,633,000 5,702,000 63.71 15 I 1873-1874 1,840,000 1,288,000 3,128,000 41.17 22 I0 1890-1891 2,555,000 3,710,000 6,265,000 59.21 14 0 1874-1875 1,712,000 1,219,000 2,931,000 41.59 20 I 1891-1892 2,852,000 3,501,000 6,353,000 55.10 13 6 1875-1876 1,590,000 1,343,000 2,933,000 45.78 18 I 1892-1893 3,045,000 3,428,000 6,473,000 52.95 14 3 1876-1877 1,673,000 1,045,000 2,718,000 38'44 22 8 1893-1894 3,490,000 3,890,000 7,380,000 52.71 13 5 1877-1878 1,825,000 1,419,000 3,244,000 43.74 23 0 1894-1895 3,530,000 4,792,000 8,322,000 57.75 9 II 1878-1879 2,010,000 1,571,000 3,581,000 43.89 19 2 1895-1896 2,830,000 4,315,000 7,145,000 50.30 10 7 1879-1880 1,852,000 1,402,000 3,254,000 43.08 19 3 1896-1897 2,864,000 4,954,000 7,818,000 56.18 9 3 188o-1881 1,911,000 1,748,000 3,659,000 46.13 20 4 1897-1898 2,898,000 4,872,000 7,770,000 62.70 II 9 1881-1882 2,060,000 1,782,000 3,842,000 46.38 20 4 1898-1899 2,995,000 4,977,000 7,972,000 62.70 II 9 1882-1883 2,107,000 2,147,000 4,254,000 50.47 20 2 1899-1900 2,904,000 5,510,000 8,414,000 65.48 II 6 1883-1884 2,323,000 2,361,000 4,684,000 50.40 16 8 1900-1901 2,850,000 5,950,0008,800,0oo 67.61 II 6 The quantities of cane sugar are based on the trade circulars of Messrs Willett & See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

The table has been adapted from the Monthly See also:

• SUMMARY

Refined. Raw. Refined. 1870 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. lb lb lb s. d. s. d. 556,000 84,000 3,000 82,000 725,000 - - - - - 1875 705,000 107,000 16,000 128,000 956,000 50.64 8.88 59.52 21 2 30 4 1880 590,000 260,000 11,000 140,000 1,001,000 51.09 9.46 60.55 21 1881 623,000 310,000 5,000 135,000 1,071,000 56.01 8'44 64'45 21 9 229 8 ti 1882 726,000 265,000 6,000 133,000 1,130,000 58.78 8-38 67.16 21 I 28 8 1883 597,000 420,000 7,000 157,000 1,183,000 58.73 9'87 68.,o 20 I 27 2 1884 582,000 399,000 53,000 160,000 1,194,000 55.57 12.58 68-15 15 6 28 II 1885 561,000 410,000 114,000 152,000 1,237,000 55.46 15.75 71.21 13 10 18 2 1886 468,000 339,000 71,000 247,000 1,125,000 44.61 18.75 63'36 13 0 16 8 1887 439,000 461,000 39,000 311,000 1,250,000 50.80 20.25 71.05 12 1 15 8 1888 574,000 319,000 2,000 342,000 1,237,000 47.97 19.99 67'96 13 5 17 8 1889 470,000 407,000 1,000 448,000 1,326,000 48.38 26.54 74'92 15 5 19 8 1890 283,000 503,000 15,000 484,000 1,285,000 42.87 28.22 71.09 12 6 16 4 1891 349,000 461,000 27,000 540,000 1,377,000 45.08 32.94 78.02 12 10 16 6 1892 386,000 429,000 2,000 529,000 1,346,000 44.58 30.63 75.21 13 0 17 1 1893 368,000 434,000 2,000 575,000 1,379,000 42.41 33'17 75'58 14 2 18 4 1894 324,000 391,000 1,000 696,000 1,412,000 37.18 39.90 77.08 II 5 15 6 1895 388,000 463,000 1,000 706,000 1,558,000 45.28 40.10 85.38 9 7 13 4 1896 381,000 406,000 1,000 738,000 1,526,000 40.94 41.53 82'47 10 5 13 7 1897 242,000 434,000 1,000 793,000 1,469,000 34.52 43.92 78.44 9 0 12 3 1898 286,000 478,000 1,000 825,000 1,560,000 39.89 45'29 85.18 9 8 12 5 1899 186,000 469,000 1,000 889,000 1,545,000 35.63 48.68 84.31 10 6 12 7 1900 150,000 512,000 1,000 961,000 1,624,000 35.48 52.23 87'71 10 5 12 10 1901 178,472 526,451 1,000 1,079,553 1,785,476 36.80 56.40 93.20 10 6 12 0 of 1902 had thus been renewed in a modified form. Great Britain, instead of agreeing to prohibit the importation of bounty-fed sugar, was allowed to permit it under certain limits. Russia, which gave bounties, was to be allowed to send into European markets not more than I,000,000 tons within the next five years, and Great Britain undertook to give certificates guaranteeing that sugar refined in the United Kingdom and exported had not been bounty-fed. The renewal of the convention was disapproved by certain Liberal politicians, who insisted that the price of sugar had been raised by the convention; and Sir Edward Grey said that the government had intended to denounce the convention, but other countries had urged that Great Britain had induced them to enter into it, and to alter their fiscal system for that purpose, and it would be unfair to upset the arrangement.

Besides, denunciation would not have meant a return to See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

for 7 years end- Country. for 7 years end- 1909 1910 See also:

• ING

12,000 13,253 United States See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

490,000 404,424 Total production of cane Total in United States 1,105,000 890,995 sugar in the world 10,787,500 9,499,227 B.-Beet sugar (compiled from data furnished by the Statistisches Bureau See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons avoirdupois. avoirdupois. avoirdupois. avoirdupois. avoirdupois. avoirdupois. avoirdupois. avoirdupois, avoirdupois. Austria-Hungary 1,040,987 1,149,516 $75,383 1,485,944 1,322,716 1,402,157 1,376,501 1,240,102 1,236,172 Belgium 220,550 200,233 173,679 323,577 278,3,38 228,682 254,258 246,051 239,902 Denmark 36,004 46,258 44,161 64,958 65,942 53,147 64,367 63,973 53,548 France 820,050 791,605 612,592 1,072,473 744,153 716,218 794,312 811,970 793,058 Germany . 1,734,624 1,897,234 1,572,923 2,379,959 2,203,810 2,095,959 2,049,951 2,007,780 ,99o,637 Holland 100,793 121,600 134,394 203,912 178,551 172,417 210,958 196,841 160,375 Italy 82,433 128,794 77,143 92,433 104,702 133,818 162,701 114,168 111,718 Russia 1,236,469 1, [87,848 938,565 953,204 1,417,386 1,387,732 1,237,530 1,131,840 1,194,105 United States . 192,376 204,847 206,410 279,236 426,171 433,248 377,945 418,288 302,890 Other countries 201,510 249,254 205,548 246,384 289,220 268,498 289,935 274,594 250,050 Total crop of the world 5,665,796 5,977,189 4,840,798 7,102,080 7,030,989 6,891,876 6,818,458 6,505,607 6,332,455 matter temporarily dropped, but certain Liberal members of parliament continued to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

It would appear that the purchasing power of the inhabitants of India has increased of late years, and there is a growing demand for refined sugar, fostered by the circumstance that modern processes of manufacture can make a quality of sugar, broadly speaking, equal to sugar refined by animal charcoal, without using charcoal, and so the religious objections to the refined sugars of old days have been overcome. (A. CH.; V. W. CH.) SUGAR-See also:

• BIRD