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YULE

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Originally appearing in Volume V28, Page 947 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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YULE , the See also:

season of See also:Christmas (q.v.). This word is chiefly used alone as an archaism or in See also:poetry or poetical See also:language, but is more See also:common in See also:combination, as in " yule-See also:tide," " yule-See also:log," &c. The Old See also:English word appears in various forms, e.g. gebla, iula, geol, gehhol, gehhel; cognate forms are Icel, jol; See also:Dan. juul; Swed. jul. It was the name of two months of the See also:year, See also:December and See also:January, the one the " former yule " (se aerra gala), the other the " after yule " (se aeftera geola), as coming before and after the See also:winter See also:solstice (See also:Cotton MS. Tib. B. i.; and See also:Bede, De Temporum Ratione, 13, quoted in See also:Skeat, Etym. See also:Diet., 1898). According to A. Fick (Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen, vol. iii. 245, 1874) in proper meaning is See also:noise, clamour, the season being one of rejoicing at the turning of the year among Scandinavian peoples before See also:Christian times. YUN-NAN (i.e. Cloudy See also:South), a S.W. See also:province of See also:China, bounded N. by Sze-ch'uen, E. by Kwei-chow and Kwang-si, S. by See also:Burma and the Lao tribes and W. by Burma and See also:Tibet; See also:area estimated at from 122,000 to 146,000 sq. m.

Though the second largest province of the See also:

empire, its See also:population is estimated at only 12,000,000. The inhabitants include many races besides See also:Chinese, such as See also:Shans, See also:Lolos and Maotsze. The Musus, in N.W. Yun-nan, once formed an See also:independent See also:kingdom which extended into E. Tibet. Many of the inhabitants are nominally Moslems. The greater See also:part of the province may be said to consist of an extensive See also:plateau, generally from 5000 to 7000 ft. in See also:altitude, containing numerous valley plains, which is divided in the N. by See also:mountain ranges that enter at the N.W. corner and See also:separate the See also:waters of the Yangtsze-kiang, the See also:Mekong and the See also:Salween. The mountains attain heights of 16,000 ft. The See also:climate is generally healthy and equable; on the plateau the summer See also:heat seldom exceeds 86°, and in winter there is little See also:snow. The See also:principal See also:rivers are the Yangtsze- kiang (locally known as the Kinsha-kiang=See also:Golden See also:Sand See also:river), which enters Yun-nan at its N.W. corner, flows first S.E. and then N.E., forming for a considerable distance the N. boundary of the province; the Mekong, which traverses the province from N. to S. on its way to the See also:sea through See also:Annam; the Salween, which runs a parallel course through its W. portion; and the headwaters of the Songkoi, which rises in the S.E. of the province. This last-named river is navigable from the Gulf of See also:Tongking to See also:Man-hao, a See also:town ten days' See also:journey from Yun-nan Fu. There are two large lakes—one in the neighbourhood of Ta-li Fu, which is 24 M. See also:long by 6 m. broad, and the other near Yun-nan Fu, which See also:measures from 70 to 8o m. in circumference.

Besides Yun-nan Fu, the See also:

capital, the province contains thirteen prefectural cities, several of which—Teng-ch'uen Fu, Ta-li Fu, Yung-ch`ang Fu, Ch'u-siung Fu and Lin-gan Fu, for example—are situated in the valley plains. See also:Mengtsze, Szemao and See also:Momein (or Teng-yueh) are open to See also:foreign See also:trade. Yun-nan Fu is connected by railway (19x0) with Tongking. The See also:line 1:hich starts from Haiphong runs, in Yun-nan, via Mengtsze hsien (a See also:great commercial centre), to the capital. Several important roads intersect the province; among them are—I. The road from Yun-nan Fu to See also:Bhamo in Burma via Ta-li Fu (12 days), Teng-yueh Chow or Momein (8 days) and Manwyne—beyond Ta-li Fu it is a difficult mountain route. 2. The road from Ta-li Fu N. to Patang via Li-kiang Fu, which thus connects W. Yun-nan with Tibet. 3. The See also:ancient trade road to See also:Canton, which connects Yun-nan Fu with Pai-se Fu, in Kwang-si, on the Canton W est River, a See also:land journey which occupies about twenty days. From this point the river is navigable to Canton.

Agricultural products include See also:

rice and See also:maize (the principal crops), See also:wheat, See also:barley and oats. The See also:poppy was formerly extensively cultivated, but after the See also:anti-See also:opium See also:edict of 1906 vigorous measures were taken to See also:stamp out the cultivation of the plant. In certain localities the See also:sugar-See also:cane is grown. See also:Tea from Pa-erh Fu in S. Yun-nan is appreciated throughout the empire. Fruits and vegetables are plentiful, and there are large herds of buffaloes, goats and See also:sheep. Silkworms are reared. The See also:chief See also:wealth of Yun-nan consists, however, in its minerals. See also:Copper is the most important of the minerals worked. See also:Silver and See also:gold are produced, but they are not known to exist in any large quantities. See also:Lead is of frequent occurrence, and indeed the area through which copper, silver, lead, See also:tin and See also:zinc are distributed in sufficient quantities to make See also:mining See also:answer, comprises at least 80,000 sq. m. See also:Coal is also found and several See also:salt mines are worked.

The ores are generally of See also:

good quality, and are easy of extraction. Cotton See also:yarn and See also:cloth, See also:petroleum, See also:timber and furs are among the chief imports; copper, tin, hides and tea are important exports; medicines in the shape not only of herbs and roots, but also of fossils, shells, bones, See also:teeth and various products of the See also:animal kingdom; and See also:precious stones, principally See also:jade and rubies, are among the other exports. Yun-nan, long independent, was subdued by Kublai See also:Khan, but was not finally incorporated in the empire until the 17th See also:century. It was the principal centre of the great See also:Mahommedan See also:rebellion, which lasted sixteen years and was suppressed in 1872. Even in 1910 the province had not wholly recovered from the effects of that struggle and the barbarity with which it was stamped out. The opening of Christian (See also:Protestant) See also:mission See also:work in Yun-nan began in 1877, and was one result of the See also:murder of Mr 1\Iargary (see CHINA, See also:History, § D). See H. R. See also:Davies, Yun-nan, the See also:Link between See also:India and the Yangtze (See also:Cambridge, 19o9) ; A. Little, Across Yunnan (See also:London, 191o); Rev. J. M'Carthy, " The Province of Yunnan," in The Chinese Empire (London, 1907); L.

See also:

Richard, Comprehensive See also:Geography of the Chinese Empire (See also:Shanghai, 1908). YUN-NAN FU, the capital of the province of Yun-nan, China, in 25° 6' N., 102° 52' E. It is about 500 M. by See also:rail N.N.W. of the See also:port of Haiphong, Tongking. The population was returned in 1907 at 45,000. Originally the surrounding See also:district was known as the " land of the See also:southern barbarians." The See also:city is situated on a See also:plain, and is surrounded by fortified walls, 62 m. in See also:circuit. For many years Mahommedans have been numerous in the city and neighbourhood; and in 18J5 a Mahommedan rising occurred. Before the rebellion Yun-nan Fu had a prosperous aspect; the shops were large and well supplied with native silken goods, See also:saddlery, &c., while English cotton, See also:Russian cloths and raw cotton from Burma constituted the See also:main foreign merchandise. Employment for large See also:numbers of work-See also:people was found in the copper factories. A See also:mint at Yun-nan Fu issued annually 202,000,000 See also:cash. Nearly ruined by the rebellion, the city took many years to recover its prosperity. A fresh impetus to See also:commerce was given by the opening in 1910 of the railway from Tongking, a line built by See also:French See also:engineers and with French capital. The construction of a See also:British railway to connect Burma with Yun-nan Fu and onwards to the Yangtsze-kiang has been in contemplation.

End of Article: YULE

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